Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Studying Motor Praxis in Children With Varying Levels of Developmental Coordination Disorder Studying Motor Praxis in Children With Varying Levels of Developmental Coordination Disorder 242 257 1101580 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2605 FA Abdolrahman Khezri Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5517-2817 Mahmood Sheykh Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-4029-3568 Fazlollah Bagherzadeh Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3866-5756 Davood Homanian Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3250-832X Journal Article 2020 12 31 Background and Aims This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger. Methods For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test. Results Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05). Conclusion These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command. Background and Aims This research aimed to examine the gesture production ability of motor praxis among children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and children on the verge of developing DCD and compare it to typical children of the same age and younger. Methods For this reason, 91 boys (6-12 years old) were selected as sample size and divided into five groups (20 children with typical development, 14 children with DCD, 17 children on the verge of developing DCD, 20 typically-developed children aged 8-9 years, and 20 typically-developed children aged 6-7 years). To find the children with DCD, we employed the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 7th edition (DCDQ-7) and the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor Proficiency. The Dewey gesture production test was performed to investigate motor praxis. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis and an independent t test. Results Comparing the subjects’ performance in different conditions showed that their performance in transitive motor praxis was better than intransitive one (P<0.05). Also, the comparison of verbal command and imitation position showed that between the two DCD groups, the performance in the imitation movements was significantly better (P<0.05). While in the same age control group, no significant difference was seen between motor praxis in two conditions (P>0.05). The between-group comparisons showed that the performance of two DCD groups was disrupted compared to that of the control group at the same age. The performance of the DCD group compared to lower-age children with typical development (8-9 years old) was not different at the verbal command condition. In the imitation position condition, the DCD group performed significantly better than the lower-age children groups (P<0.05). Conclusion These results show that DCD subjects have developmental delays in performing motor praxis under verbal command.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101580_cb0a525f7e74e6a3d326cf38d660f8c9.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effectiveness of Hemi-sync Therapy on Improving Auditory Skills and Reducing the Severity of Stuttering in Children The Effectiveness of Hemi-sync Therapy on Improving Auditory Skills and Reducing the Severity of Stuttering in Children 258 273 1101701 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2761 FA Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000000314690244 Somayeh Zarenezhad Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 0000000190653678 Journal Article 2021 05 25 Background and Aims Stuttering as a communication disorder can cause severe problems in interpersonal communication and affect the quality of life of the sufferer. It is known as a treatable behavior, so this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hemi-sync audio therapy in improving hearing skills and reducing stuttering in children Methods The research design is quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test design without a control group). The study population comprised primary school children with stuttering disorders living in Mashhad City, Iran. Of these population, 10 students diagnosed with high auditory sensitivity were recruited using the Guitar stuttering test and Malayeri auditory processing disorder questionnaire. Then, they were treated with hemi-sync therapy in 12 sessions for three months. Research data were analyzed using the independent t test in SPSS software, version 21. Results The results showed that hemi-sync audio therapy effectively increased auditory skills in stuttering children (P<0.05). The hemi-sync therapy reduced hearing problems after improving auditory skills and stuttering. Conclusion Because children with stuttering may have hearing impairments, increasing this skill with hemi-sync therapy can be used as an intervention and rehabilitation basis. Background and Aims Stuttering as a communication disorder can cause severe problems in interpersonal communication and affect the quality of life of the sufferer. It is known as a treatable behavior, so this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hemi-sync audio therapy in improving hearing skills and reducing stuttering in children Methods The research design is quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test design without a control group). The study population comprised primary school children with stuttering disorders living in Mashhad City, Iran. Of these population, 10 students diagnosed with high auditory sensitivity were recruited using the Guitar stuttering test and Malayeri auditory processing disorder questionnaire. Then, they were treated with hemi-sync therapy in 12 sessions for three months. Research data were analyzed using the independent t test in SPSS software, version 21. Results The results showed that hemi-sync audio therapy effectively increased auditory skills in stuttering children (P<0.05). The hemi-sync therapy reduced hearing problems after improving auditory skills and stuttering. Conclusion Because children with stuttering may have hearing impairments, increasing this skill with hemi-sync therapy can be used as an intervention and rehabilitation basis.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101701_7a4310d252e1fbef583be3d5b415cd10.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Short-Term Effects of Foot Orthoses and Antipronation Taping on the Center of Pressure and Ground Reaction Forces of People With Flat Feet During Running Short-Term Effects of Foot Orthoses and Antipronation Taping on the Center of Pressure and Ground Reaction Forces of People With Flat Feet During Running 274 289 1101514 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2893 FA Peyman Aghaie Ataabadi Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-0719-455X Ali Abbasi Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-9733-6501 Amir Letafatkar Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5612-8340 Journal Article 2021 09 29 Background and Aims Several treatments have been recommended to enhance the running mechanics of individuals with flat feet. Less emphasis has been paid to the impact of these treatments on the ground reaction forces (GRF) and the center of pressure (COP), while these kinetic effects are essential in identifying possible injuries and the body’s compensatory mechanisms in response to any therapeutic approach. The present study aimed to compare the effects of foot orthoses and antipronation taping on COP and GRF on the running of people with flat feet. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental with a randomized cross-over design. The kinematic and kinetic data of 20 young people with flexible flat feet were measured while running under three conditions: athletic shoes, athletic shoes with foot orthoses (FO), and athletic shoes with low-Dye (LD) tape. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance from the SPM1d package was used to compare differences in GRF and COP time series under different conditions. Results The results showed that foot orthoses reduced the anteroposterior GRF compared to low-Dye tape and increased the lateral GRF compared to athletic shoes alone. However, the conditions did not significantly affect the vertical GRF (P<0.05). Moreover, FO-shoes and LD-shoes caused medial and lateral shifts in COP, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion This research showed that foot orthoses cause inefficient force transmission in the anterior direction. Furthermore, running with FO-shoes and LD-shoes substantially influences COP displacements towards the end of the stance phase; however, it does not appear to increase running-related injuries since minimal load and forces are applied to the joint at that time. Background and Aims Several treatments have been recommended to enhance the running mechanics of individuals with flat feet. Less emphasis has been paid to the impact of these treatments on the ground reaction forces (GRF) and the center of pressure (COP), while these kinetic effects are essential in identifying possible injuries and the body’s compensatory mechanisms in response to any therapeutic approach. The present study aimed to compare the effects of foot orthoses and antipronation taping on COP and GRF on the running of people with flat feet. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental with a randomized cross-over design. The kinematic and kinetic data of 20 young people with flexible flat feet were measured while running under three conditions: athletic shoes, athletic shoes with foot orthoses (FO), and athletic shoes with low-Dye (LD) tape. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance from the SPM1d package was used to compare differences in GRF and COP time series under different conditions. Results The results showed that foot orthoses reduced the anteroposterior GRF compared to low-Dye tape and increased the lateral GRF compared to athletic shoes alone. However, the conditions did not significantly affect the vertical GRF (P<0.05). Moreover, FO-shoes and LD-shoes caused medial and lateral shifts in COP, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion This research showed that foot orthoses cause inefficient force transmission in the anterior direction. Furthermore, running with FO-shoes and LD-shoes substantially influences COP displacements towards the end of the stance phase; however, it does not appear to increase running-related injuries since minimal load and forces are applied to the joint at that time.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101514_f785802ab6d2ef2c4f31274ea64d1e6a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation Software on the Cognitive Functions of Patients with Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment The Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation Software on the Cognitive Functions of Patients with Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment 290 305 1101691 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2992 FA Masoumeh Josheghani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000000205789077 Mahgol Tavakoli Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000000322462647 Golita Emsaki Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0000000152641756 Journal Article 2022 01 22 Background and Aims Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one of the cognitive profiles of senility. It is classified into amnestic and nonamnestic MCI depending on the involvement of different cognitive functions. This research aims to design a cognitive rehabilitation software based on the attention process model and investigate its effect on the attention and executive functions of older people with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Methods This quasi-experimental research employed a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. After designing the software program, 30 older people over 60 who were diagnosed with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment through NUCOG (Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool) screening and a psychiatrist who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group (each with 15 people). To perform the rehabilitation intervention, a software system was designed based on Mateer and Sohlberg attention process training, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed in Iranian older adults. After the pre-test, the experimental group received the rehabilitation intervention with the software, and the control group did not receive anything. Three months after the completion of the sessions, both groups were assessed as the post-test, and the results were compared using an analysis of covariance and the Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS software, version 26. Results The results indicated significant differences between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the mean score of errors in congruent and incongruent selective attention, executive function score, time and error in alternating attention in the colors trail test A form (CTT-A) and time in alternating attention in CTT-B and also time and error in separated attention (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups post-test mean scores in selective attention time, time and error in sustained attention, and error in CTT-B alternating attention (P>0.05). The intervention did not cause any significant improvement in these domains. Also, the results were sustained after 3 months. Conclusion The results confirmed the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. The designed cognitive rehabilitation software in this research can cause a significant improvement in attention and executive functions of patients with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. It can be used as a clinical intervention. Background and Aims Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is one of the cognitive profiles of senility. It is classified into amnestic and nonamnestic MCI depending on the involvement of different cognitive functions. This research aims to design a cognitive rehabilitation software based on the attention process model and investigate its effect on the attention and executive functions of older people with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. Methods This quasi-experimental research employed a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. After designing the software program, 30 older people over 60 who were diagnosed with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment through NUCOG (Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool) screening and a psychiatrist who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group (each with 15 people). To perform the rehabilitation intervention, a software system was designed based on Mateer and Sohlberg attention process training, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed in Iranian older adults. After the pre-test, the experimental group received the rehabilitation intervention with the software, and the control group did not receive anything. Three months after the completion of the sessions, both groups were assessed as the post-test, and the results were compared using an analysis of covariance and the Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS software, version 26. Results The results indicated significant differences between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the mean score of errors in congruent and incongruent selective attention, executive function score, time and error in alternating attention in the colors trail test A form (CTT-A) and time in alternating attention in CTT-B and also time and error in separated attention (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups post-test mean scores in selective attention time, time and error in sustained attention, and error in CTT-B alternating attention (P>0.05). The intervention did not cause any significant improvement in these domains. Also, the results were sustained after 3 months. Conclusion The results confirmed the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. The designed cognitive rehabilitation software in this research can cause a significant improvement in attention and executive functions of patients with nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment. It can be used as a clinical intervention.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101691_5172f42900e2771be8c1f6a6bf30864c.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effects of Kinesiotape on the Thickness of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon in Athletes With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome The Effects of Kinesiotape on the Thickness of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon in Athletes With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome 306 321 1101703 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3041 FA Sima Keshvari Department of Sport Sciences, University Collage of Omran & Tosseeh, Hamadan, Iran. 0000-0003-1254-0656 Shahabeddin Bagheri Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. 0000-0002-8944-2176 Ali Taherinia Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-9300-0637 Journal Article 2022 04 20 Background and Aims The tendon of the biceps long head is one of the most important causes of shoulder pain and often plays a multifactorial role in subacromial impingement syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the effect of kinesiotape application on the tendon thickness of the biceps long head, pain, and proprioception of shoulder joint in athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome were selected purposefully and conveniently. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 received a real kinesiotape, and group 2 received a sham kinesiotape. Tendon thickness of the biceps long head was measured by MRI, shoulder proprioception was measured by an imaging technique, and the pain was measured by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately and 24 hours after using kinesiotape. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the distribution, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the mean differences between the two groups. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results There were no significant differences in the thickness of the biceps tendon between the two groups in the three stages of measurement (P=0.147). There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the joint position sense at 45 degrees (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference at 90 degrees (P˃0.05). There was a significant difference between the pain scores of the two groups after the kinesiology tape application (P<0.001). Conclusion Kinesiotape can reduce pain and improve the proprioception sense in athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome. Background and Aims The tendon of the biceps long head is one of the most important causes of shoulder pain and often plays a multifactorial role in subacromial impingement syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the effect of kinesiotape application on the tendon thickness of the biceps long head, pain, and proprioception of shoulder joint in athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome were selected purposefully and conveniently. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: group 1 received a real kinesiotape, and group 2 received a sham kinesiotape. Tendon thickness of the biceps long head was measured by MRI, shoulder proprioception was measured by an imaging technique, and the pain was measured by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately and 24 hours after using kinesiotape. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the distribution, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the mean differences between the two groups. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results There were no significant differences in the thickness of the biceps tendon between the two groups in the three stages of measurement (P=0.147). There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the joint position sense at 45 degrees (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference at 90 degrees (P˃0.05). There was a significant difference between the pain scores of the two groups after the kinesiology tape application (P<0.001). Conclusion Kinesiotape can reduce pain and improve the proprioception sense in athletes with subacromial impingement syndrome.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101703_05a64119d1c243e7c8a43b8573b72297.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Comparing the Effect of Postural Corrective Exercises and Cawthorne-Cooksey Exercises on Dynamic Stability and Upper Body Posture of Dyslexic Children With Upper Crossed Syndrome Comparing the Effect of Postural Corrective Exercises and Cawthorne-Cooksey Exercises on Dynamic Stability and Upper Body Posture of Dyslexic Children With Upper Crossed Syndrome 322 335 1101689 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3044 FA Seyed Mohammad Taghi Aghaei Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0001-8681-116X Narmin Ghani Zadeh Hesar Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0002-4489-6705 Mehri Mohammadi Dangralou Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0002-4925-1391 Sajad Roshani Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 6918-0938-0003-0000 Journal Article 2022 04 22 Background and Aims Dyslexia is a learning disability associated with impaired balance and coordination. The present study aimed to compare the effect of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises on dynamic stability and upper body posture of dyslexic children with upper cross syndrome. Methods The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population in this study comprised dyslexic male students (8 to 10 years old) with upper cross syndrome. From the statistical population, 30 students were purposefully and conveniently selected and divided into postural correction exercises and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises groups. The Y equilibrium test was used to measure dynamic stability. To analyze the data, the normality of the data and the homogeneity of variances were first assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and F-Levene’s test. Then, the analysis of covariance at the level of 0.05 was used to examine the intragroup effects and compare the groups. Results Comparing two training programs in kyphosis angle, forward head posture, round shoulder, dominant leg dynamic balance, and total dynamic balance showed a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.05). The angle of kyphosis, forward head posture, and round shoulder were significantly lower in the corrective exercises group than in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group (P≤0.05). The dominant dynamic balance of the dominant leg and the total dynamic balance in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group were significantly better than those in the corrective exercises group (P≤0.05). Conclusion A comparison of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises performed in this study showed that the latter exercises had a greater effect on improving dynamic stability, and corrective exercises had a greater effect on improving upper cross syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that to improve the balance and correct posture of children with upper cross syndrome, posture corrective exercises in combination with Cawthorne-Cooksey balance exercises should be included in the exercise program of children with upper cross syndrome. Background and Aims Dyslexia is a learning disability associated with impaired balance and coordination. The present study aimed to compare the effect of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises on dynamic stability and upper body posture of dyslexic children with upper cross syndrome. Methods The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population in this study comprised dyslexic male students (8 to 10 years old) with upper cross syndrome. From the statistical population, 30 students were purposefully and conveniently selected and divided into postural correction exercises and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises groups. The Y equilibrium test was used to measure dynamic stability. To analyze the data, the normality of the data and the homogeneity of variances were first assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and F-Levene’s test. Then, the analysis of covariance at the level of 0.05 was used to examine the intragroup effects and compare the groups. Results Comparing two training programs in kyphosis angle, forward head posture, round shoulder, dominant leg dynamic balance, and total dynamic balance showed a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.05). The angle of kyphosis, forward head posture, and round shoulder were significantly lower in the corrective exercises group than in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group (P≤0.05). The dominant dynamic balance of the dominant leg and the total dynamic balance in the Cawthorne-Cooksey group were significantly better than those in the corrective exercises group (P≤0.05). Conclusion A comparison of postural corrective and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises performed in this study showed that the latter exercises had a greater effect on improving dynamic stability, and corrective exercises had a greater effect on improving upper cross syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that to improve the balance and correct posture of children with upper cross syndrome, posture corrective exercises in combination with Cawthorne-Cooksey balance exercises should be included in the exercise program of children with upper cross syndrome.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101689_74f0f0aa9e4e702cb7787a3cd4b3dc01.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Acute Focus of Attention Instructions on Biomechanical Indexes Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention The Effect of Acute Focus of Attention Instructions on Biomechanical Indexes Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention 336 349 1101695 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3053 FA Nazanin Dalvandpour Department of Health and Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-9063-686X Mostafa Zarei Department of Health and Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-9063-686X Journal Article 2022 05 09 Background and Aims Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common and serious injuries of the knee joint, which accounts for 80% of all knee ligament surgeries. Studies have shown that a significant percentage of this injury (70%) occurs in a non-contact form, usually during activities like deceleration, landing, or side cutting. Studies have shown that focus instructions could improve and promote performance. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of focus instructions on biomechanical indexes associated with ACL injury prevention. Methods In this research, 24 young football players from the two clubs of the Tehran Premier League, Tehran City, Iran, were randomly divided into two groups: external focus attention (n=12) and internal focus attention (n=12). First, the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI), the peak of vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral GRF components, and the rate of loading during the jump-landing movement from a box with 30 cm height were calculated using a force plate with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. Then, the internal and external focus instructions were taught to the participants, and the two groups performed a post-test to examine the changes. Statistical methods of repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t test were used to evaluate the changes. Results The results showed significant changes in the vertical component and rate of loading variables in both groups of internal and external focus attention (P≤0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the DPSI, anteroposterior and mediolateral GRF. Conclusion The results of this study showed that acute instructions of both internal and external focus attention can improve landing mechanics and landing-related kinetic variables. It seems that the external focus instructions have increased the motor control of the limb, leading to a further reduction of vertical GRF and the load applied to the lower limb compared to the instructions of internal focus, thus reducing the risk of ACL injury. Background and Aims Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common and serious injuries of the knee joint, which accounts for 80% of all knee ligament surgeries. Studies have shown that a significant percentage of this injury (70%) occurs in a non-contact form, usually during activities like deceleration, landing, or side cutting. Studies have shown that focus instructions could improve and promote performance. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of focus instructions on biomechanical indexes associated with ACL injury prevention. Methods In this research, 24 young football players from the two clubs of the Tehran Premier League, Tehran City, Iran, were randomly divided into two groups: external focus attention (n=12) and internal focus attention (n=12). First, the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI), the peak of vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral GRF components, and the rate of loading during the jump-landing movement from a box with 30 cm height were calculated using a force plate with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. Then, the internal and external focus instructions were taught to the participants, and the two groups performed a post-test to examine the changes. Statistical methods of repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t test were used to evaluate the changes. Results The results showed significant changes in the vertical component and rate of loading variables in both groups of internal and external focus attention (P≤0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the DPSI, anteroposterior and mediolateral GRF. Conclusion The results of this study showed that acute instructions of both internal and external focus attention can improve landing mechanics and landing-related kinetic variables. It seems that the external focus instructions have increased the motor control of the limb, leading to a further reduction of vertical GRF and the load applied to the lower limb compared to the instructions of internal focus, thus reducing the risk of ACL injury.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101695_a3acb0b8b3db73b31b5114b0a629e2a1.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Corrective Exercises on Strength, Power, and Endurance of Gluteal Muscles in Women With Weakness and Inhibition of Gluteal Muscles The Effect of Corrective Exercises on Strength, Power, and Endurance of Gluteal Muscles in Women With Weakness and Inhibition of Gluteal Muscles 350 363 1101693 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3054 FA Pardis Nahidi Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 000000032588348x Afshin Moghadasi Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8500-1613 Azar Aghayari Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0657-0995-0002-0000 Journal Article 2022 05 10 Background and Aims Most women experience weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles, which negatively affects athletic performance and is known to cause multiple injuries and chronic pain. This study aimed to determine the effect of corrective exercises on gluteal muscles strength, endurance, and power in women with gluteal muscles weakness and inhibition. Methods We purposively identified 28 non-athletic women aged 25 to 45 years who were referred to Babolsar Rehabilitation Clinic (Babolsar City, Iran) for physiotherapy due to reasons such as fracture, strain, sprain, and dislocation of the upper extremity joints. They experienced inhibition and weakness of the gluteal muscles. After completing the physiotherapy course and returning to normal life, they entered the present study and were randomly divided into the control (n=15) and exercise (n=13) groups. The exercise group performed a corrective exercises program including inhibitory, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises with theraband for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes per session). The power of extensors, abductors, and external rotators of gluteal muscles was measured using the Diako cable machine and based on the formula of one-repetition maximum. The power and endurance of gluteal muscles were measured by the single-leg glute bridge test and the vertical jump test in two groups. The data were analyzed by covariance analyses. Results The results showed a significant improvement in the strength of the gluteal muscles in the movements of extension, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh, also in the endurance and power of the gluteal muscles in the exercise group compared to the control group in the post-test (P<0.05). Conclusion This study showed that corrective exercises, including inhibitory techniques, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises, have the necessary components to improve the strength, endurance, and power of gluteal muscles. Therefore, this exercise program is recommended for people with weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles. Background and Aims Most women experience weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles, which negatively affects athletic performance and is known to cause multiple injuries and chronic pain. This study aimed to determine the effect of corrective exercises on gluteal muscles strength, endurance, and power in women with gluteal muscles weakness and inhibition. Methods We purposively identified 28 non-athletic women aged 25 to 45 years who were referred to Babolsar Rehabilitation Clinic (Babolsar City, Iran) for physiotherapy due to reasons such as fracture, strain, sprain, and dislocation of the upper extremity joints. They experienced inhibition and weakness of the gluteal muscles. After completing the physiotherapy course and returning to normal life, they entered the present study and were randomly divided into the control (n=15) and exercise (n=13) groups. The exercise group performed a corrective exercises program including inhibitory, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises with theraband for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes per session). The power of extensors, abductors, and external rotators of gluteal muscles was measured using the Diako cable machine and based on the formula of one-repetition maximum. The power and endurance of gluteal muscles were measured by the single-leg glute bridge test and the vertical jump test in two groups. The data were analyzed by covariance analyses. Results The results showed a significant improvement in the strength of the gluteal muscles in the movements of extension, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh, also in the endurance and power of the gluteal muscles in the exercise group compared to the control group in the post-test (P<0.05). Conclusion This study showed that corrective exercises, including inhibitory techniques, lengthening, activating, and strengthening exercises, have the necessary components to improve the strength, endurance, and power of gluteal muscles. Therefore, this exercise program is recommended for people with weakness and inhibition of the gluteal muscles.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101693_5fdb3e2ee65789b740efbc692bb3fe4a.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Effect of 8 Weeks Foot Reflexology Massage on Balance, Foot Arc, and Pain in Girls Aged 14 to 18 Years With Flat Foot Effect of 8 Weeks Foot Reflexology Massage on Balance, Foot Arc, and Pain in Girls Aged 14 to 18 Years With Flat Foot 364 377 1101709 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3096 FA Fatemeh Shahriari Department of Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0003-0656-2269 Sajad Roshani Department of Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 6918-0938-0003-0000 Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah Department of Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0001-9567-8209 Journal Article 2022 07 25 Background and Aims A flat foot is associated with complications, such as pain, fatigue, and balance decline. The present study investigated the effect of 8 weeks of foot reflexology massage on balance, foot arch, and pain in girls aged 14 to 18 years with flat feet. Methods In this quasi-experimental research, 30 girls with flat feet (mean age: 15.1±1.1 years, mean height: 156.1±2.2, and mean weight: 47.3±2.2 kg) voluntarily and conveniently were selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The massage program consisted of eight weeks (three sessions per week) of foot reflexology massage on the entire sole of both feet, in which two to three relaxation techniques were used in each session, according to the subject’s condition, for six minutes. Twenty-four hours before and 24 hours after the end of the massage therapy protocol, foot arch, dynamic balance, static balance, and pain intensity were assessed using the index of navicular drop test, star excursion balance test, balance error scoring system, and visual analog scale, respectively. Data analysis was done with an analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. Results The results showed that reflexology massage significantly affects static balance (P=0.0001) and pain intensity (P=0.0001) of young girls with flat feet. However, no significant effect was observed on the arch of the foot (P=0.38) and the dynamic balance (P=0.36). Conclusion Reflexology massage improves the proprioceptive information of the skin. Accordingly, it has improved static balance and reduced the pain intensity of girls with flat feet. Background and Aims A flat foot is associated with complications, such as pain, fatigue, and balance decline. The present study investigated the effect of 8 weeks of foot reflexology massage on balance, foot arch, and pain in girls aged 14 to 18 years with flat feet. Methods In this quasi-experimental research, 30 girls with flat feet (mean age: 15.1±1.1 years, mean height: 156.1±2.2, and mean weight: 47.3±2.2 kg) voluntarily and conveniently were selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The massage program consisted of eight weeks (three sessions per week) of foot reflexology massage on the entire sole of both feet, in which two to three relaxation techniques were used in each session, according to the subject’s condition, for six minutes. Twenty-four hours before and 24 hours after the end of the massage therapy protocol, foot arch, dynamic balance, static balance, and pain intensity were assessed using the index of navicular drop test, star excursion balance test, balance error scoring system, and visual analog scale, respectively. Data analysis was done with an analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. Results The results showed that reflexology massage significantly affects static balance (P=0.0001) and pain intensity (P=0.0001) of young girls with flat feet. However, no significant effect was observed on the arch of the foot (P=0.38) and the dynamic balance (P=0.36). Conclusion Reflexology massage improves the proprioceptive information of the skin. Accordingly, it has improved static balance and reduced the pain intensity of girls with flat feet.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101709_b6108ded541468a4ac5432a09b47dd2f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effectiveness of Motor Games Based on Montessori Theory on Improving the Motor Skills of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder The Effectiveness of Motor Games Based on Montessori Theory on Improving the Motor Skills of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 378 391 1101618 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2953 FA Mina Salem Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-1268-1096 Seyfollah Aghajani Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0001-9848-9016 Mohamad Narimani Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-9710-4046 Sajad Basharpour Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-2920-2605 Amirali Jafarnezhadgero Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-2739-4340 Ehsan Fakhri Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-1118-332X Journal Article 2021 12 12 Background and Aims The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of practicing motor games based on Montessori theory on the fine and gross motor skills of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods The present research was quasi-experimental. This study was done using a pretest-posttest design on 30 male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. They were randomly divided into the control (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.4 years) and experimental (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.5 years). Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were diagnosed and found appropriate by psychiatrists. They were also assessed using the Conners’ parent and teacher rating scale questionnaire, whose validity and reliability in Iran were found to be 81%, using the Cronbach method. Then, through the Lichen-Ozeretsky motor adequacy test, both groups were assessed, and the experimental group received motor games based on Montessori theory for 12 weeks (three days per week). Covariance analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. Results The results of covariance analysis indicate a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The subtests of strength (P<0.008), balance (P<0.001, F=31.97), 2-way coordination (P<0.001, F=21.32), motor vision control (F=94.15, P<0.001), agility speed (F=82.5, P<0.023), and response speed (F=10.22, P<0.003) were different between groups. Conclusion The study’s results showed a significant improvement in strength, balance, 2-way coordination, motor vision control, response speed, speed, and agility after the training period. Therefore, using this training program in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is recommended. Background and Aims The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of practicing motor games based on Montessori theory on the fine and gross motor skills of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods The present research was quasi-experimental. This study was done using a pretest-posttest design on 30 male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. They were randomly divided into the control (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.4 years) and experimental (15 students with a mean age of 8.1±0.5 years). Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were diagnosed and found appropriate by psychiatrists. They were also assessed using the Conners’ parent and teacher rating scale questionnaire, whose validity and reliability in Iran were found to be 81%, using the Cronbach method. Then, through the Lichen-Ozeretsky motor adequacy test, both groups were assessed, and the experimental group received motor games based on Montessori theory for 12 weeks (three days per week). Covariance analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. Results The results of covariance analysis indicate a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The subtests of strength (P<0.008), balance (P<0.001, F=31.97), 2-way coordination (P<0.001, F=21.32), motor vision control (F=94.15, P<0.001), agility speed (F=82.5, P<0.023), and response speed (F=10.22, P<0.003) were different between groups. Conclusion The study’s results showed a significant improvement in strength, balance, 2-way coordination, motor vision control, response speed, speed, and agility after the training period. Therefore, using this training program in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is recommended.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101618_c38e55b1c38edab417025711a067edde.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Fundamental Motor Skill Training by “Teaching Game for Understanding” Approach on Motor and Cognitive Skills in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder The Effect of Fundamental Motor Skill Training by “Teaching Game for Understanding” Approach on Motor and Cognitive Skills in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 392 405 1101749 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3225 FA Maryam Najafi Shahna Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0007-7371-4513 Parisa Hejazi Dinan Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5743-2566 Arezo Ahmadpour Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. 0000-0003-4882-0596 Journal Article 2023 09 29 Background and Aims Fundamental motor skills and attentional difficulties are observed in a large proportion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 4-week training fundamental movement with the approach of teaching games for understanding (TGfU) on motor and cognitive skills in children with ADHD. Methods The study was quasi-experimental, using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 18 students between the ages of 7 and 10 years (mean age: 8.05±1.10 y) were selected as the sample. In the pretest stage, participants performed the third edition of the test of gross motor development and attention networks test. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The training process consisted of 4 weeks (2 sessions of 60 minutes per week) with the approach of TGfU. After the intervention process, a posttest was taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and independent t test. Results The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in motor skills (P=0.001), including locomotor (P<0.001), hub skills (P=0.019), and cognitive skills (P<0.001). Conclusion In general, it can be said that a 4-week training of fundamental skills with the TGfU approach can improve motor and cognitive development in ADHD children. Background and Aims Fundamental motor skills and attentional difficulties are observed in a large proportion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 4-week training fundamental movement with the approach of teaching games for understanding (TGfU) on motor and cognitive skills in children with ADHD. Methods The study was quasi-experimental, using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 18 students between the ages of 7 and 10 years (mean age: 8.05±1.10 y) were selected as the sample. In the pretest stage, participants performed the third edition of the test of gross motor development and attention networks test. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The training process consisted of 4 weeks (2 sessions of 60 minutes per week) with the approach of TGfU. After the intervention process, a posttest was taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and independent t test. Results The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in motor skills (P=0.001), including locomotor (P<0.001), hub skills (P=0.019), and cognitive skills (P<0.001). Conclusion In general, it can be said that a 4-week training of fundamental skills with the TGfU approach can improve motor and cognitive development in ADHD children.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101749_fc7c8415248c4324b0662953540fca11.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Sportsmetrics Program on Dynamic Knee Valgus, Core Endurance, and Postural Stability in Soccer Female Athletes With Dynamic Knee Valgus The Effect of Sportsmetrics Program on Dynamic Knee Valgus, Core Endurance, and Postural Stability in Soccer Female Athletes With Dynamic Knee Valgus 406 421 1101707 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3111 FA Hemn Mohammadi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury), Faculty of Humanity Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. 0000-0002-8225-4463 Niloofar Fakhraei Rad Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury), Faculty of Humanity Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Journal Article 2022 08 31 Background and Aims The most important risk factors for knee injuries include weakness in core stability, poor postural stability, and excessive dynamic valgus of the knee. One of the most successful protocols for preventing knee injuries in female athletes is specialized sportsmetrics soccer training. It seems that the effect of this protocol on the core stability of female soccer players with knee valgus has not been studied. Methods In the present study, 24 footballers with knee valgus in the training (12 people) and the control (12 people) groups participated in specialized sportsmetrics soccer training and regular pre-season exercises for six weeks, respectively. The tests consisted of a core stability test (trunk ﬂexor, trunk extensor, right side bridge, and left side bridge), postural stability (Y balance), and dynamic knee valgus (during the scoring of landing error test). Results Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data (P≤0.05) in SPSS software, version 25. The results showed a significant improvement (P=0.01) in postural stability (from 105.2 to 116.7 cm), core stability (from 38.2 to 41.1 s), and knee valgus (from 25.3 to 12.4 degrees). Conclusion According to the results of the study, the present protocol, which is designed to prevent knee injuries in female soccer players, modifies all three risk factors for knee injuries (weakness in core stability, poor postural stability, and knee valgus). Therefore, this protocol is recommended for all female soccer players with dynamic knee valgus. Background and Aims The most important risk factors for knee injuries include weakness in core stability, poor postural stability, and excessive dynamic valgus of the knee. One of the most successful protocols for preventing knee injuries in female athletes is specialized sportsmetrics soccer training. It seems that the effect of this protocol on the core stability of female soccer players with knee valgus has not been studied. Methods In the present study, 24 footballers with knee valgus in the training (12 people) and the control (12 people) groups participated in specialized sportsmetrics soccer training and regular pre-season exercises for six weeks, respectively. The tests consisted of a core stability test (trunk ﬂexor, trunk extensor, right side bridge, and left side bridge), postural stability (Y balance), and dynamic knee valgus (during the scoring of landing error test). Results Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data (P≤0.05) in SPSS software, version 25. The results showed a significant improvement (P=0.01) in postural stability (from 105.2 to 116.7 cm), core stability (from 38.2 to 41.1 s), and knee valgus (from 25.3 to 12.4 degrees). Conclusion According to the results of the study, the present protocol, which is designed to prevent knee injuries in female soccer players, modifies all three risk factors for knee injuries (weakness in core stability, poor postural stability, and knee valgus). Therefore, this protocol is recommended for all female soccer players with dynamic knee valgus.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101707_74becb5b0db2f0c31c8c9d6753eb9419.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Development of a Comprehensive Tool for Assessing Cardiorespiratory, Muscular Strength, and Endurance Function in People With Intellectual Disabilities Development of a Comprehensive Tool for Assessing Cardiorespiratory, Muscular Strength, and Endurance Function in People With Intellectual Disabilities 422 443 1101705 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3106 FA Rahman Amiri Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 0000-0001-6638-4797 Hassan Daneshmandi Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. 0000-0002-4161-6093 Hamid Sharif-Nia Psychosomatic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 0000-0002-5570-3710 Journal Article 2022 08 22 Background and Aims Accurate assessment of cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance seems necessary to be aware of, provide exercise interventions, and prevent subsequent diseases. Therefore, the current research aimed to develop a comprehensive tool for assessing cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, and endurance function in people with intellectual disabilities. Methods The current research is fundamental and practical in terms of purpose. In this study, the psychometrics of 51 specific intellectual disability tests were used to develop a tool for measuring cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance. The face validity of the instrument through a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts and 15 intellectually disabled educators, the content validity through a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts, and the construct validity through a 19-test questionnaire by 243 intellectually disabled educators were examined. The tool’s reliability was checked through internal, intra-rater, and inter-rater consistency. Internal consistency was estimated by calculating the Cronbach alpha. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were also checked through the implementation of the tests by 18 people with intellectual disability in three time points and with three raters through the internal correlation index (ICC), confidence interval (CI), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Data analysis was done through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with AMOS version 26 and SPSS software, version 22. Results Based on the content validity ratio (CVR) estimation, 19 out of 51 tests had a content validity ratio higher than 0.49, and the rest were excluded. Regarding construct validity, 10 out of 19 tests were removed, and the final 9 tests were approved for evaluating cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three latent factors that explained 46.21% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the final construct model. The factor analysis results included KMO=0.829 and BT=4706.93 (P<0.0001). Conclusion The current study provided a special set of tests for people with intellectual disability regarding cardiorespiratory assessment (one test), strength (four tests), and muscular endurance (four tests) after psychometry of 51 specific tests. By using this set of tests, it is possible to make an accurate assessment of the physical fitness of the health of people with intellectual disability. Background and Aims Accurate assessment of cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance seems necessary to be aware of, provide exercise interventions, and prevent subsequent diseases. Therefore, the current research aimed to develop a comprehensive tool for assessing cardiorespiratory, muscular strength, and endurance function in people with intellectual disabilities. Methods The current research is fundamental and practical in terms of purpose. In this study, the psychometrics of 51 specific intellectual disability tests were used to develop a tool for measuring cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance. The face validity of the instrument through a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts and 15 intellectually disabled educators, the content validity through a 51-test questionnaire by 15 experts, and the construct validity through a 19-test questionnaire by 243 intellectually disabled educators were examined. The tool’s reliability was checked through internal, intra-rater, and inter-rater consistency. Internal consistency was estimated by calculating the Cronbach alpha. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were also checked through the implementation of the tests by 18 people with intellectual disability in three time points and with three raters through the internal correlation index (ICC), confidence interval (CI), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Data analysis was done through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with AMOS version 26 and SPSS software, version 22. Results Based on the content validity ratio (CVR) estimation, 19 out of 51 tests had a content validity ratio higher than 0.49, and the rest were excluded. Regarding construct validity, 10 out of 19 tests were removed, and the final 9 tests were approved for evaluating cardiorespiratory function, muscular strength, and endurance. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three latent factors that explained 46.21% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the final construct model. The factor analysis results included KMO=0.829 and BT=4706.93 (P<0.0001). Conclusion The current study provided a special set of tests for people with intellectual disability regarding cardiorespiratory assessment (one test), strength (four tests), and muscular endurance (four tests) after psychometry of 51 specific tests. By using this set of tests, it is possible to make an accurate assessment of the physical fitness of the health of people with intellectual disability.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101705_63d36a998ac60b2ec1ff6874d2d1e11e.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 Acute Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Activating Scapular Stabilizer Muscles During Pull-Up Movement in Gymnasts Acute Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Activating Scapular Stabilizer Muscles During Pull-Up Movement in Gymnasts 444 461 1101706 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.3104 FA Omid Kazemi Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4157-978X Amir Letafatkar Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5612-8340 Seyed Sadrodin Shojaedin Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-0272-6748 Maliheh Hadadnezhad Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5826-1524 Journal Article 2022 08 14 Background and Aims Today, there is an argument about the effect of various stretching movements on the performance of athletes. Therefore, this study investigated the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on muscle activity and co-contraction of scapular stabilizer muscles during pull-ups in gymnasts. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 professional gymnasts with a mean age of 23.25±2.57 years, height of 170.93±5.88 cm, and weight of 64.54±5.06 kg were selected as research samples and divided into three subgroups (each with 5 athletes). In the pre-test, subjects performed pull-up activity, and muscle activities of the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles were measured using a biometric electromyography device. Then, each subgroup performed a different stretching protocol in each session, and a post-test was conducted like the pre-test. Repeated measures analysis of variance, the Bonferroni post hoc test, and the paired t test were used to test the study hypotheses. Results The results showed that static and dynamic stretching caused a significant decrease and increase in muscle activity in both concentric and eccentric phases, respectively. Also, the results showed that dynamic stretch caused a reduction in co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles in both concentric and eccentric phases. In addition, there is a significant difference between the effect of static and dynamic stretch and between dynamic stretch and control on the co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles in the concentric and eccentric phases. Conclusion The results showed that the co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles decreased after using dynamic stretching. Therefore, considering the importance of muscle co-contraction in the occurrence of shoulder joint injuries and preventing injuries in the shoulder joint of gymnasts, it is suggested that coaches and gymnasts use dynamic stretching exercises more carefully. Background and Aims Today, there is an argument about the effect of various stretching movements on the performance of athletes. Therefore, this study investigated the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on muscle activity and co-contraction of scapular stabilizer muscles during pull-ups in gymnasts. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 professional gymnasts with a mean age of 23.25±2.57 years, height of 170.93±5.88 cm, and weight of 64.54±5.06 kg were selected as research samples and divided into three subgroups (each with 5 athletes). In the pre-test, subjects performed pull-up activity, and muscle activities of the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles were measured using a biometric electromyography device. Then, each subgroup performed a different stretching protocol in each session, and a post-test was conducted like the pre-test. Repeated measures analysis of variance, the Bonferroni post hoc test, and the paired t test were used to test the study hypotheses. Results The results showed that static and dynamic stretching caused a significant decrease and increase in muscle activity in both concentric and eccentric phases, respectively. Also, the results showed that dynamic stretch caused a reduction in co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles in both concentric and eccentric phases. In addition, there is a significant difference between the effect of static and dynamic stretch and between dynamic stretch and control on the co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles in the concentric and eccentric phases. Conclusion The results showed that the co-contraction of the serratus anterior and middle trapezius muscles decreased after using dynamic stretching. Therefore, considering the importance of muscle co-contraction in the occurrence of shoulder joint injuries and preventing injuries in the shoulder joint of gymnasts, it is suggested that coaches and gymnasts use dynamic stretching exercises more carefully.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101706_7c6ea46e74380e6b1b34d5f20cfd298b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Lower Extremity Function in Male Football Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery The Effect of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Lower Extremity Function in Male Football Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery 462 475 1101690 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2788 FA Mozhgan Rokninezhad Department, of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3551-2666 Journal Article 2021 06 06 Background and Aims : Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is the most common knee injuries in sports. This study aims to assess the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises on lower extremity function in football players with ACL reconstruction surgery. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 22 male football players with a history of ACL injuruy referred to a hopspital from Ahvaz, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of 11, including exercise and control. The performance of the two groups was measured using shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, hop test from side to side, and agility hop test in the pre-test and post-test phases. The exercise group performed closed kinetic chain exercises (side lunge, plie squat, hip bridge, walking backwards, front lunge, squat, and plank) for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 35 minutes. No exercise was performed in the control group. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results In the pre-test phase, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the functional tests of shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, side to side hop test, and agility hop test (P>0.05). In the post-test phase, the ANOVA results showed that the exercise group performed better in shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, side to side hop test, and agility hop test (P≤0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the exercise group in the mentioned tests, both immediately after and one month after the exercises, their performance in the mentioned tests improved (P≤0.05). Conclusion The closed kinetic chain exercise can be used to increase the lower extremity performance of male football players with ACL injury. Background and Aims : Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is the most common knee injuries in sports. This study aims to assess the effect of closed kinetic chain exercises on lower extremity function in football players with ACL reconstruction surgery. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 22 male football players with a history of ACL injuruy referred to a hopspital from Ahvaz, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of 11, including exercise and control. The performance of the two groups was measured using shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, hop test from side to side, and agility hop test in the pre-test and post-test phases. The exercise group performed closed kinetic chain exercises (side lunge, plie squat, hip bridge, walking backwards, front lunge, squat, and plank) for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 35 minutes. No exercise was performed in the control group. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results In the pre-test phase, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the functional tests of shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, side to side hop test, and agility hop test (P>0.05). In the post-test phase, the ANOVA results showed that the exercise group performed better in shuttle run test, figure-of-eight hop test, side to side hop test, and agility hop test (P≤0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the exercise group in the mentioned tests, both immediately after and one month after the exercises, their performance in the mentioned tests improved (P≤0.05). Conclusion The closed kinetic chain exercise can be used to increase the lower extremity performance of male football players with ACL injury.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101690_3187c933f388035295ee7db3544f0ce5.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 13 2 2024 05 21 The Effect of Balance-Resistance Training on the Immunity Levels and Physical Fitness of Children With Cerebral Palsy The Effect of Balance-Resistance Training on the Immunity Levels and Physical Fitness of Children With Cerebral Palsy 476 489 1101636 10.32598/SJRM.13.2.2879 FA Sajjad Anoushiravani Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-7482-6708 Parinaz Ghanati Department of Motor Behaviour, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Iran. 0000-0001-8468-2915 Reza Mohammadalipour Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Mir Hamid Salehian Department of Physical Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0001-7722-553X Journal Article 2021 09 09 Background and Aims Cerebral palsy is a non-specific and descriptive term referring to motor dysfunction in early childhood. The disease is non-progressive and is caused by permanent damage to the developing brain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of balance-resistance training on the immunity levels and physical fitness of children with cerebral palsy. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental and employed a pret-est-post-test design with a control group. For this study, 30 children (6-10 years) with cerebral palsy were recruited and divided into two groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The experimental group took part in resistance and balance exercises (resistance exercises for knee flexor muscles, knee extensor, and ankle extensor and free balance exercises in two levels of stable support and appropriate level of support) for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 45 minutes. All dependent variables of the research (immunoglobulin A index, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition) were measured in two rounds of pre-test and post-test. To analyze the data, the independent t test, paired t test, 2-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni test were used at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 24. Results The results showed that combined resistance-balance training has a significant effect on immunity levels (immunoglobulin A), maximum oxygen consumption, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition of children with cerebral palsy (P≤0.001). Conclusion Patients with cerebral palsy are recommended to benefit from these exercises and medical treatments. The advantage of such adjuvant methods over medical therapies is that there are no side effects. Background and Aims Cerebral palsy is a non-specific and descriptive term referring to motor dysfunction in early childhood. The disease is non-progressive and is caused by permanent damage to the developing brain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of balance-resistance training on the immunity levels and physical fitness of children with cerebral palsy. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental and employed a pret-est-post-test design with a control group. For this study, 30 children (6-10 years) with cerebral palsy were recruited and divided into two groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The experimental group took part in resistance and balance exercises (resistance exercises for knee flexor muscles, knee extensor, and ankle extensor and free balance exercises in two levels of stable support and appropriate level of support) for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 45 minutes. All dependent variables of the research (immunoglobulin A index, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition) were measured in two rounds of pre-test and post-test. To analyze the data, the independent t test, paired t test, 2-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni test were used at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 24. Results The results showed that combined resistance-balance training has a significant effect on immunity levels (immunoglobulin A), maximum oxygen consumption, flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and body composition of children with cerebral palsy (P≤0.001). Conclusion Patients with cerebral palsy are recommended to benefit from these exercises and medical treatments. The advantage of such adjuvant methods over medical therapies is that there are no side effects.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101636_d6557ded0b11390bd7371ea0cbc89f75.pdf