Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 08 15 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Research Trends on the Impact of Cognitive Training on Sports Performance: A Bibliometric Approach and Narrative Review Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Research Trends on the Impact of Cognitive Training on Sports Performance: A Bibliometric Approach and Narrative Review 336 351 1101805 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3340 FA Mohammadreza Ghasemian Moghddam Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3222-8224 Journal Article 2025 08 15 Background and Aims Given the significance of cognitive components in optimal athletic performance and the necessity of understanding the current state of research in this field, the present study employed a bibliometric approach to analyze active journals, prominent researchers, and other quantitative in the first section, followed by a narrative review of these studies in the second section. Methods This research was performed by combining bibliometric analysis and narrative review methodologies. Keywords such as “cognitive training,” “computer-based cognitive training,” “cognitive games,” “computerized cognitive games,” “perceptual training,” “cognitive-motor training,” and “athletic performance” or “athletes’ performance” were searched in the Web of Science database between January 30, 2000 and January 30, 2025. Initially, 165 articles were identified, and 30 articles were selected for analysis after screening. These were examined using VOSviewer software, version 1.6.18.0 and Excel. Results The findings indicate that out of 619 citations, the highest number of citations and publications occurred in 2024, with the Frontiers in Psychology Journal being the most prominent journal. The primary scientific domains were sports sciences and medicine, with cognitive training, perceptual-cognitive training, and sports performance being the most frequently used keywords. In the analysis of knowledge-producing countries, England and Germany emerged as the central nodes of the main clusters. Conclusion Given some contradictory findings, it appears that the effectiveness of such training becomes more tangible under pressure or near-real performance conditions and when secondary neurophysiological measurements are assessed alongside behavioral components. However, future research should more rigorously investigate factors such as the alignment of task demands with intervention protocols. Background and Aims Given the significance of cognitive components in optimal athletic performance and the necessity of understanding the current state of research in this field, the present study employed a bibliometric approach to analyze active journals, prominent researchers, and other quantitative in the first section, followed by a narrative review of these studies in the second section. Methods This research was performed by combining bibliometric analysis and narrative review methodologies. Keywords such as “cognitive training,” “computer-based cognitive training,” “cognitive games,” “computerized cognitive games,” “perceptual training,” “cognitive-motor training,” and “athletic performance” or “athletes’ performance” were searched in the Web of Science database between January 30, 2000 and January 30, 2025. Initially, 165 articles were identified, and 30 articles were selected for analysis after screening. These were examined using VOSviewer software, version 1.6.18.0 and Excel. Results The findings indicate that out of 619 citations, the highest number of citations and publications occurred in 2024, with the Frontiers in Psychology Journal being the most prominent journal. The primary scientific domains were sports sciences and medicine, with cognitive training, perceptual-cognitive training, and sports performance being the most frequently used keywords. In the analysis of knowledge-producing countries, England and Germany emerged as the central nodes of the main clusters. Conclusion Given some contradictory findings, it appears that the effectiveness of such training becomes more tangible under pressure or near-real performance conditions and when secondary neurophysiological measurements are assessed alongside behavioral components. However, future research should more rigorously investigate factors such as the alignment of task demands with intervention protocols.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101805_6223ce7fb4918cc9f011f103fcf5ab49.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Moral Distress Among Occupational Therapists in Tehran Moral Distress Among Occupational Therapists in Tehran 352 361 1101808 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3308 FA Minoo Kalantari Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2625-4397 Mohammad Qomi Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-1280-1027 Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban Department of Biostatistics, Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-0961-1874 Mehdi Rezaee Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7039-520X Journal Article 2024 12 03 Background and Aims Moral distress is an ethical problem when therapists know what to do but cannot do it due to internal constraints, external barriers, or uncertainty. Moral distress is a significant concern in healthcare practice and can have significant personal, professional, and practical consequences. Given the negative consequences of moral distress on physical and mental health, this study aimed to investigate moral distress among occupational therapists in Tehran City, Iran. Methods The present study was conducted cross-sectionally among 172 occupational therapists. The study population consisted of occupational therapists working in private and government centers in Tehran. They were recruited by cluster and random sampling from 22 districts of Tehran. The Moral Distress Questionnaires were completed in person. After collecting them, data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 20. Results he mean moral distress in occupational therapists was estimated to be 46.33±6.22. A comparison of moral distress in men and women showed a significant difference between the mean moral distress in the two groups (P=0.001), and men endured more distress. Moral distress was more important in occupational therapists working in government centers (P<0.001). There was also a significant positive correlation between moral distress and therapists’ working hours (P<0.05). Conclusion The results showed that occupational therapists face moral distress, which indicates the need to educate them about the concept of moral distress and strategies for dealing with it. Background and Aims Moral distress is an ethical problem when therapists know what to do but cannot do it due to internal constraints, external barriers, or uncertainty. Moral distress is a significant concern in healthcare practice and can have significant personal, professional, and practical consequences. Given the negative consequences of moral distress on physical and mental health, this study aimed to investigate moral distress among occupational therapists in Tehran City, Iran. Methods The present study was conducted cross-sectionally among 172 occupational therapists. The study population consisted of occupational therapists working in private and government centers in Tehran. They were recruited by cluster and random sampling from 22 districts of Tehran. The Moral Distress Questionnaires were completed in person. After collecting them, data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 20. Results he mean moral distress in occupational therapists was estimated to be 46.33±6.22. A comparison of moral distress in men and women showed a significant difference between the mean moral distress in the two groups (P=0.001), and men endured more distress. Moral distress was more important in occupational therapists working in government centers (P<0.001). There was also a significant positive correlation between moral distress and therapists’ working hours (P<0.05). Conclusion The results showed that occupational therapists face moral distress, which indicates the need to educate them about the concept of moral distress and strategies for dealing with it.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101808_07c394521893c590ed3e5fa5abed65ee.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 The Relationship Between Parenting Stress, Self-compassion, and Fear of Negative Evaluation With Coronavirus Anxiety in Parents of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder The Relationship Between Parenting Stress, Self-compassion, and Fear of Negative Evaluation With Coronavirus Anxiety in Parents of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder 362 373 1101815 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3313 FA Leila Avijeh Department of Psychology, Amol Branch, Payam Noor University, Amol, Iran. 0009-0005-2329-1394 Rajabali Mohammadzadeh Admalai Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology Group, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0005-2329-1394 Journal Article 2024 12 21 Background and Aims The coronavirus pandemic has increased coronavirus anxiety among various people in society, especially more vulnerable people, including parents of children with autism spectrum disease (ASD). However, in the literature about ASD, there is no evidence to identify related factors of coronavirus anxiety among parents having children with ASD. So, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between parenting stress, self-compassion, and fear of negative evaluation with coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD. Methods A descriptive-correlational design was used in this study. The statistical population of this study included parents of students with ASD living in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2020-2021. Among them, 150 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. In this study, the corona dis-ease anxiety scale (CDAS), the parenting stress index-short form (PSQ), the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS), and the brief fear of negative evaluation scale-short form (FNES-B) were used. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results The findings of this study showed that self-compassion negatively (t=-2.335; Sig.=0.018) and fear of negative evaluation positively (t=2.212; Sig.=0.029) could predict coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD, but parenting stress could not significantly predict coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD (t=1.902; Sig.=0.061). Conclusion The results of this study showed that self-compassion and fear of negative evaluation were significantly associated with coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD. Therefore, it is possible to improve the level of coronavirus anxiety among parents of students with ASD by reducing fear of negative evaluation and increasing self-compassion. Background and Aims The coronavirus pandemic has increased coronavirus anxiety among various people in society, especially more vulnerable people, including parents of children with autism spectrum disease (ASD). However, in the literature about ASD, there is no evidence to identify related factors of coronavirus anxiety among parents having children with ASD. So, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between parenting stress, self-compassion, and fear of negative evaluation with coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD. Methods A descriptive-correlational design was used in this study. The statistical population of this study included parents of students with ASD living in Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2020-2021. Among them, 150 people were selected using the convenience sampling method. In this study, the corona dis-ease anxiety scale (CDAS), the parenting stress index-short form (PSQ), the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS), and the brief fear of negative evaluation scale-short form (FNES-B) were used. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results The findings of this study showed that self-compassion negatively (t=-2.335; Sig.=0.018) and fear of negative evaluation positively (t=2.212; Sig.=0.029) could predict coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD, but parenting stress could not significantly predict coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD (t=1.902; Sig.=0.061). Conclusion The results of this study showed that self-compassion and fear of negative evaluation were significantly associated with coronavirus anxiety in parents of students with ASD. Therefore, it is possible to improve the level of coronavirus anxiety among parents of students with ASD by reducing fear of negative evaluation and increasing self-compassion.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101815_9e121b0309f4d65252e760318ab0b86c.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 A Comparative Study on the Effects of a Ballistic Exercise Program With and ‎Without Motor Sensor Exercises on Proprioception, Performance, Strength, ‎and Balance of Female Karate-ka A Comparative Study on the Effects of a Ballistic Exercise Program With and ‎Without Motor Sensor Exercises on Proprioception, Performance, Strength, ‎and Balance of Female Karate-ka 374 387 1101810 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3315 FA Mahtab Ghareh Hassanloo Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7818-4669 Seyed Sadredin Shojaedin Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-0296-4749 Mehdi Khaleghi Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-3043-3961 Journal Article 2024 12 22 Background and Aims The interest in martial arts practice has increased greatly in recent years, so more than 75 million teenagers worldwide are active in at least one martial art. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effect of ballistic exercises with and ‎without motor sensor ‎exercises on women karateka’s proprioception, function, strength, ‎and balance. Methods In this study, 30 female karateka athletes with an average age of 15±3 years were selected by available sampling. The subjects were randomly divided into three training groups of 10 people: Ballistics with motor sensor training, ballistic training without motor sensor training, and control. Experimental group 1 followed ballistic training with motor sensor exercises, experimental group 2 received only ballistic training, and the control group did their usual training sessions. The indices of proprioception, function, strength, and balance were evaluated. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26 (P≤0.05). Results The results showed a significant difference between the activity level of ballistic exercises with and without sensory motor exercises on karateka women’s proprioception, function, strength, and balance (P≤0.05). Conclusion According to the results, female karateka coaches and athletes, to improve proprioception, function, strength, and balance, it is better to use ballistic exercises with sensor motors exercises. Background and Aims The interest in martial arts practice has increased greatly in recent years, so more than 75 million teenagers worldwide are active in at least one martial art. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effect of ballistic exercises with and ‎without motor sensor ‎exercises on women karateka’s proprioception, function, strength, ‎and balance. Methods In this study, 30 female karateka athletes with an average age of 15±3 years were selected by available sampling. The subjects were randomly divided into three training groups of 10 people: Ballistics with motor sensor training, ballistic training without motor sensor training, and control. Experimental group 1 followed ballistic training with motor sensor exercises, experimental group 2 received only ballistic training, and the control group did their usual training sessions. The indices of proprioception, function, strength, and balance were evaluated. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26 (P≤0.05). Results The results showed a significant difference between the activity level of ballistic exercises with and without sensory motor exercises on karateka women’s proprioception, function, strength, and balance (P≤0.05). Conclusion According to the results, female karateka coaches and athletes, to improve proprioception, function, strength, and balance, it is better to use ballistic exercises with sensor motors exercises.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101810_747211a2c89871cba14fb3f058669e33.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 The Effect of Dual-Task Training and Rhythmic Aerobics on Cognitive Function in Women With MS The Effect of Dual-Task Training and Rhythmic Aerobics on Cognitive Function in Women With MS 388 403 1101817 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3323 FA Mahtab Heydari Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0008-3031-4883 Farhad Ghadiri Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000000218844899 Rasol Yaali Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8159-4570 Abbas Bahram Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-3430-4777 Journal Article 2025 01 04 Background and Aims Regarding the cognitive and motor problems, which are the complications of multiple sclerosis (MS), seeking new treatment and training methods that simultaneously improve the mental and physical conditions of these patients is of special significance to decrease the adverse effects of this disease. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of dual-task and aerobic exercises on cognitive function in women with MS. Methods This research is quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and between-group design. The study’s statistical population consisted of individuals with MS in Tehran Province, Iran. Thirty women with MS were purposefully selected based on the inclusion criteria, and they completed the mini-mental state examination and the expanded disability status scale. They were then randomly assigned to either a dual-task exercise group or a rhythmic aerobic exercise group. Each group participated in 8 weeks of exercise, with three sessions lasting 60 minutes per week. Pre-test and post-test assessments included the Stroop and N-Back tests to evaluate cognitive function, utilizing the computer version of the Sina Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences. Results Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the two groups in working memory and response inhibition variables in the post-test after adjusting for pre-test scores (P<0.05). This finding suggests that aerobic exercise had a greater impact on working memory and response inhibition in women with MS than dual-task exercise. Conclusion MS patients’ exercise programs should incorporate motor and cognitive interventions to enhance cognitive functions alongside physical improvements. Specifically, rhythmic aerobic interventions can improve cognitive function in these patients. Background and Aims Regarding the cognitive and motor problems, which are the complications of multiple sclerosis (MS), seeking new treatment and training methods that simultaneously improve the mental and physical conditions of these patients is of special significance to decrease the adverse effects of this disease. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of dual-task and aerobic exercises on cognitive function in women with MS. Methods This research is quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and between-group design. The study’s statistical population consisted of individuals with MS in Tehran Province, Iran. Thirty women with MS were purposefully selected based on the inclusion criteria, and they completed the mini-mental state examination and the expanded disability status scale. They were then randomly assigned to either a dual-task exercise group or a rhythmic aerobic exercise group. Each group participated in 8 weeks of exercise, with three sessions lasting 60 minutes per week. Pre-test and post-test assessments included the Stroop and N-Back tests to evaluate cognitive function, utilizing the computer version of the Sina Institute of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences. Results Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the two groups in working memory and response inhibition variables in the post-test after adjusting for pre-test scores (P<0.05). This finding suggests that aerobic exercise had a greater impact on working memory and response inhibition in women with MS than dual-task exercise. Conclusion MS patients’ exercise programs should incorporate motor and cognitive interventions to enhance cognitive functions alongside physical improvements. Specifically, rhythmic aerobic interventions can improve cognitive function in these patients.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101817_236617b40287d109054277484fe11b72.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Examining the Effectiveness of Caregiver-Mediated CO-OP on Occupational Performance (Generalization and Transfer) and Self-efficacy in Patients With Chronic Stroke: Protocol of a Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial Study Examining the Effectiveness of Caregiver-Mediated CO-OP on Occupational Performance (Generalization and Transfer) and Self-efficacy in Patients With Chronic Stroke: Protocol of a Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial Study 404 417 1101814 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3332 FA Bentolhoda Barzegari Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0000-9527-4677 Minoo Kalantari Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2625-4397 Monire Nobahar Ahari Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6433-745X Journal Article 2025 01 19 Background and Aims Patients with brain stroke often face a combination of post-stroke impairments that can limit activity and participation. Various treatment approaches are used in brain stroke rehabilitation by occupational therapists. Still, these approaches have poor evidence for improving generalization and transfer of occupational skills and maintaining the improvement achieved in the long term. Therefore, in recent years, using the cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance (CO-OP) approach in the rehabilitation of people with stroke has received attention. In previous studies, caregiver participation, one of the key features of the CO-OP approach, has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the CO-OP approach based on caregiver training on occupational performance (generalization and transfer) and self-efficacy in people with chronic brain stroke. Methods This double-blind clinical trial will include 20 participants with chronic brain stroke. In this study, the effect of CO-OP based on caregiver training on occupational performance and self-efficacy of chronic stroke survivors will be compared with CO-OP implemented directly by an occupational therapist. A CO-OP-trained occupational therapist will provide the CO-OP intervention in both groups in 10 to 12 sessions twice weekly. In the experimental group, caregivers will be required to attend all sessions. The assessments will be conducted by an assessor unaware of the group allocation before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the intervention. Patients will also be unaware of the grouping. Primary outcomes will be the Canadian occupational performance measure (COPM), performance quality rating scale (PQRS), and general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10) tests, and secondary outcomes will be assessed by assessing the quality of life of participating caregivers through the World Health Organization Quality of Life test. Conclusion It is expected that the results of this study provide useful information about the effect of applying the CO-OP approach based on caregiver training on occupational performance and self-efficacy in people with chronic stroke. Background and Aims Patients with brain stroke often face a combination of post-stroke impairments that can limit activity and participation. Various treatment approaches are used in brain stroke rehabilitation by occupational therapists. Still, these approaches have poor evidence for improving generalization and transfer of occupational skills and maintaining the improvement achieved in the long term. Therefore, in recent years, using the cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance (CO-OP) approach in the rehabilitation of people with stroke has received attention. In previous studies, caregiver participation, one of the key features of the CO-OP approach, has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the CO-OP approach based on caregiver training on occupational performance (generalization and transfer) and self-efficacy in people with chronic brain stroke. Methods This double-blind clinical trial will include 20 participants with chronic brain stroke. In this study, the effect of CO-OP based on caregiver training on occupational performance and self-efficacy of chronic stroke survivors will be compared with CO-OP implemented directly by an occupational therapist. A CO-OP-trained occupational therapist will provide the CO-OP intervention in both groups in 10 to 12 sessions twice weekly. In the experimental group, caregivers will be required to attend all sessions. The assessments will be conducted by an assessor unaware of the group allocation before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the intervention. Patients will also be unaware of the grouping. Primary outcomes will be the Canadian occupational performance measure (COPM), performance quality rating scale (PQRS), and general self-efficacy scale (GSE-10) tests, and secondary outcomes will be assessed by assessing the quality of life of participating caregivers through the World Health Organization Quality of Life test. Conclusion It is expected that the results of this study provide useful information about the effect of applying the CO-OP approach based on caregiver training on occupational performance and self-efficacy in people with chronic stroke.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101814_3f5352d077258b044a8e8fd5addd66bc.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Grouping Runners Based on Three-Dimensional Ankle Joint Angles Using a Deep Temporal Clustering Algorithm Grouping Runners Based on Three-Dimensional Ankle Joint Angles Using a Deep Temporal Clustering Algorithm 418 433 1101811 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3334 FA Zaniar Mohamadi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. 0009-0004-8759-5250 Mansour Eslami Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. 0000-0002-8050-7076 Rohollah Yousefpour Unit of Computer Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. 0000-0001-9931-2538 Journal Article 2025 01 20 Background and Aims Static classification methods have been used to investigate the relationship between foot type and structure with risk factors and to prescribe preventive and therapeutic interventions such as orthotics and shoes. However, a weak relationship between static measurements and foot movement performance has been reported, and studies have shifted towards using dynamic foot classification methods based on movement patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to group runners based on three-dimensional kinematic patterns of the ankle joint during running and to investigate significant differences in kinematic patterns among the identified groups. Methods The deep temporal clustering algorithm was implemented during barefoot running to identify homogeneous subgroups on three-dimensional ankle joint angle data of 108 healthy adults (age: 22.45±2.42 years; height: 1.69±0.11 m; body mass: 64.66±9.54 kg; gender: 55 males, 53 females). After identifying the clusters, a parametric statistical mapping was used to examine the differences in ankle joint kinematic patterns across the stance phase of running in the identified clusters. Results Three distinct subgroups were identified. A comparison of the time series curves showed that individuals in cluster 1 had a larger average ankle joint dorsiflexion range compared to the other two cluster patterns between 40% and 80% of the stance phase of running (P=0.004). Additionally, individuals in cluster 3 showed a greater range of ankle joint eversion between 60% and 100% of the stance phase of running compared to the patterns of individuals in the other two clusters (P=0.038). However, changes in ankle joint angles in the horizontal plane during running were similar in all three groups. Conclusion The proposed model can automatically group runners based on the kinematic pattern of the ankle joint during running. By identifying the movement pattern of homogeneous groups and determining appropriate interventions for each of these groups, a suitable guideline for prescribing preventive interventions such as shoes can be developed. Background and Aims Static classification methods have been used to investigate the relationship between foot type and structure with risk factors and to prescribe preventive and therapeutic interventions such as orthotics and shoes. However, a weak relationship between static measurements and foot movement performance has been reported, and studies have shifted towards using dynamic foot classification methods based on movement patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to group runners based on three-dimensional kinematic patterns of the ankle joint during running and to investigate significant differences in kinematic patterns among the identified groups. Methods The deep temporal clustering algorithm was implemented during barefoot running to identify homogeneous subgroups on three-dimensional ankle joint angle data of 108 healthy adults (age: 22.45±2.42 years; height: 1.69±0.11 m; body mass: 64.66±9.54 kg; gender: 55 males, 53 females). After identifying the clusters, a parametric statistical mapping was used to examine the differences in ankle joint kinematic patterns across the stance phase of running in the identified clusters. Results Three distinct subgroups were identified. A comparison of the time series curves showed that individuals in cluster 1 had a larger average ankle joint dorsiflexion range compared to the other two cluster patterns between 40% and 80% of the stance phase of running (P=0.004). Additionally, individuals in cluster 3 showed a greater range of ankle joint eversion between 60% and 100% of the stance phase of running compared to the patterns of individuals in the other two clusters (P=0.038). However, changes in ankle joint angles in the horizontal plane during running were similar in all three groups. Conclusion The proposed model can automatically group runners based on the kinematic pattern of the ankle joint during running. By identifying the movement pattern of homogeneous groups and determining appropriate interventions for each of these groups, a suitable guideline for prescribing preventive interventions such as shoes can be developed.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101811_d18660653059330fa58b9f5072851cca.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Before or During Mirror Visual Feedback on Eye-Hand Coordination in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Before or During Mirror Visual Feedback on Eye-Hand Coordination in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy 434 447 1101806 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3341 FA Pegah Farzamfar Department of Motor behavior and Corrective Exercises,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-6377-2580 Ali Heirani faculty member/ razi university, faculty of sports sciences 0000-0001-6011-2264 Ehsan Amiri Department of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Metabolism and Performance lab (EMPL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-6377-2580 Mustafa Sedighi Department of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 0000-0002-8656-1639 Daniel Gomes Da Silva Machado Research Group in Neuroscience of Human Movement (NeuroMove), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. 0000-0002-8426-0488 Journal Article 2025 02 15 Background and Aims Neuroplasticity refers to the reorganization of new neural pathways. Mirror visual feedback is a complementary neurorehabilitation technique that utilizes neuroplasticity and modern technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation. This study examines the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation before and during mirror visual feedback on eye-hand coordination in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Methods A total of 12 children with unilateral cerebral palsy (mean age: 7.57±2.29 years) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blind, and within-group experimental design. They were randomly exposed to one of 4 interventions: Aodal-tDCS-offline, sham-tDCS-offline, aodal-tDCS-online, and sham-tDCS-online, with a ONE-week interval. The Beery visual-motor integration test was used to assess eye-hand coordination. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (4×2 factorial design; 4 experimental conditions and 2 time points). Results The results showed that eye-hand coordination in offline anodal conditions was significantly higher than in other conditions (P<0.05). Additionally, the simple effect of time indicated that the values of eye-hand coordination in offline anodal conditions had significantly increased (P<0.05). In contrast, in online anodal conditions, it had significantly decreased (P=0.003). The results also showed no significant difference in the results between online and offline sham conditions (P<0.05). Conclusion The results of this research indicate that the sequential combination of mirror visual feedback with transcranial direct current stimulation (offline) yielded better results than other conditions. This is due to the priming stimulation mechanism, in which previous activities create a more effective response to subsequent exercises. However, the simultaneous combination (online) led to decreased performance related to the interference mechanism. Therefore, considering the priming mechanism by occupational therapists can significantly facilitate improvement in motor performance. Background and Aims Neuroplasticity refers to the reorganization of new neural pathways. Mirror visual feedback is a complementary neurorehabilitation technique that utilizes neuroplasticity and modern technologies such as transcranial direct current stimulation. This study examines the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation before and during mirror visual feedback on eye-hand coordination in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Methods A total of 12 children with unilateral cerebral palsy (mean age: 7.57±2.29 years) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blind, and within-group experimental design. They were randomly exposed to one of 4 interventions: Aodal-tDCS-offline, sham-tDCS-offline, aodal-tDCS-online, and sham-tDCS-online, with a ONE-week interval. The Beery visual-motor integration test was used to assess eye-hand coordination. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (4×2 factorial design; 4 experimental conditions and 2 time points). Results The results showed that eye-hand coordination in offline anodal conditions was significantly higher than in other conditions (P<0.05). Additionally, the simple effect of time indicated that the values of eye-hand coordination in offline anodal conditions had significantly increased (P<0.05). In contrast, in online anodal conditions, it had significantly decreased (P=0.003). The results also showed no significant difference in the results between online and offline sham conditions (P<0.05). Conclusion The results of this research indicate that the sequential combination of mirror visual feedback with transcranial direct current stimulation (offline) yielded better results than other conditions. This is due to the priming stimulation mechanism, in which previous activities create a more effective response to subsequent exercises. However, the simultaneous combination (online) led to decreased performance related to the interference mechanism. Therefore, considering the priming mechanism by occupational therapists can significantly facilitate improvement in motor performance.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101806_f2055872ec4dd65d04844530abcc7214.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Lower Extremity Joints’ Moments and Powers During Stop-Jump in Adolescents With Idiopathic Thoracic Scoliosis: A Special Look at Pelvic Compensatory Deviation Lower Extremity Joints’ Moments and Powers During Stop-Jump in Adolescents With Idiopathic Thoracic Scoliosis: A Special Look at Pelvic Compensatory Deviation 448 463 1101812 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3342 FA Elnaz Dizaji Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 0000-0003-1437-2369 Nader Farahpour Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. 0000-0002-5883-7845 Leila Ghazaleh Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-5228-2703 Journal Article 2025 02 19 Background and Aims Major thoracic scoliosis is the most prevalent form of scoliosis, which may appear with or without a compensatory deviation of the pelvis. The impact of this pelvis malalignment on lower limb kinetics in landing and jumping has not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to investigate the lower limb joints’ moments and powers during a stop-jump task in two groups of adolescents with major thoracic scoliosis: Those with a pelvis compensatory deviation and those without. Methods We recruited 12 adolescents with major thoracic curvature exhibiting a compensatory deviation of the pelvis and 12 without such a deviation. Using two force plates and an 8-camera motion capture system, we quantified the moments and powers of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during stop-jump tasks. Data processing and calculations were performed using Visual-3D and MATLAB software, version 21a. The time series of the variables were compared between the two groups using the SPM{t} method, with a significance level set at 0.05. SPM{t} is the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis where a t-statistic is calculated for each voxel in an image. Results In both groups, the hip extensor moment explored the greatest moment, while the knee joint showed the smallest moment (abductor). Also, absorbed and produced power was highest at the sagittal plane of the hip joint. Both groups demonstrated symmetrical moments and powers, with no significant difference observed in the kinetics of the lower limb joints between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The presence of pelvic deviation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with major thoracic curvature does not significantly influence lower limb movement patterns or kinetics during stop-jump. Both groups exhibited comparable patterns of joint moments and powers, suggesting that compensatory pelvic adjustments may not play a critical role in lower limb kinetics in this context. Background and Aims Major thoracic scoliosis is the most prevalent form of scoliosis, which may appear with or without a compensatory deviation of the pelvis. The impact of this pelvis malalignment on lower limb kinetics in landing and jumping has not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to investigate the lower limb joints’ moments and powers during a stop-jump task in two groups of adolescents with major thoracic scoliosis: Those with a pelvis compensatory deviation and those without. Methods We recruited 12 adolescents with major thoracic curvature exhibiting a compensatory deviation of the pelvis and 12 without such a deviation. Using two force plates and an 8-camera motion capture system, we quantified the moments and powers of the hip, knee, and ankle joints during stop-jump tasks. Data processing and calculations were performed using Visual-3D and MATLAB software, version 21a. The time series of the variables were compared between the two groups using the SPM{t} method, with a significance level set at 0.05. SPM{t} is the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis where a t-statistic is calculated for each voxel in an image. Results In both groups, the hip extensor moment explored the greatest moment, while the knee joint showed the smallest moment (abductor). Also, absorbed and produced power was highest at the sagittal plane of the hip joint. Both groups demonstrated symmetrical moments and powers, with no significant difference observed in the kinetics of the lower limb joints between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The presence of pelvic deviation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with major thoracic curvature does not significantly influence lower limb movement patterns or kinetics during stop-jump. Both groups exhibited comparable patterns of joint moments and powers, suggesting that compensatory pelvic adjustments may not play a critical role in lower limb kinetics in this context.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101812_3084952aa3c5add12a1f36d477b2c094.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Effect of Auditory-Motor and Cognitive Exercises on the Spatial Gait Parameters of Women With MS in Tehran City, Iran Effect of Auditory-Motor and Cognitive Exercises on the Spatial Gait Parameters of Women With MS in Tehran City, Iran 464 479 1101818 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3350 FA Zahra Abolhasani Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-7750-5739 Parisa Hejazi Dinan Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5743-2566 Parvaneh Shamsipour Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-7750-5734 Mahtab Heydari Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0008-3031-4883 Journal Article 2025 04 05 Background and Aims Gait disturbance is a common problem faced by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Non-pharmacological strategies are especially important in addressing the issues caused by MS disability. The present study aimed to examine the impact of auditory and cognitive-motor training on spatial gait indices in women with MS. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population consisted of women with MS in Tehran City, Iran. The statistical sample included 30 women with MS aged 40 to 55 years. They were purposively selected based on inclusion criteria. After completing the comprehensive disability severity questionnaire and the brief cognitive status assessment test, they were randomly assigned to two groups. Each group underwent either rhythmic auditory-motor training (15 people) or cognitive rehabilitation training (15 people) for 8 weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. Gait kinematics were recorded in the pretest and posttest to assess walking speed, step length, and stride rate. Results The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in walking speed, stride length, and cadence length in the posttest in both the auditory-motor rhythmic training and cognitive rehabilitation training groups (P<0.05). Auditory-motor rhythmic training led to a greater improvement in increasing spatiotemporal gait parameters compared to cognitive rehabilitation training in women with MS. Conclusion The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance test showed a significant difference in the variables of walking speed, step length, and step rate in the posttest of both groups of rhythmic auditory-motor training and cognitive rehabilitation training (P<0.05). Rhythmic auditory-motor training resulted in greater improvement in spatial-temporal indices compared to rehabilitation training in women with MS. Background and Aims Gait disturbance is a common problem faced by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Non-pharmacological strategies are especially important in addressing the issues caused by MS disability. The present study aimed to examine the impact of auditory and cognitive-motor training on spatial gait indices in women with MS. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population consisted of women with MS in Tehran City, Iran. The statistical sample included 30 women with MS aged 40 to 55 years. They were purposively selected based on inclusion criteria. After completing the comprehensive disability severity questionnaire and the brief cognitive status assessment test, they were randomly assigned to two groups. Each group underwent either rhythmic auditory-motor training (15 people) or cognitive rehabilitation training (15 people) for 8 weeks, with three 60-minute sessions per week. Gait kinematics were recorded in the pretest and posttest to assess walking speed, step length, and stride rate. Results The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in walking speed, stride length, and cadence length in the posttest in both the auditory-motor rhythmic training and cognitive rehabilitation training groups (P<0.05). Auditory-motor rhythmic training led to a greater improvement in increasing spatiotemporal gait parameters compared to cognitive rehabilitation training in women with MS. Conclusion The results of the repeated measures analysis of variance test showed a significant difference in the variables of walking speed, step length, and step rate in the posttest of both groups of rhythmic auditory-motor training and cognitive rehabilitation training (P<0.05). Rhythmic auditory-motor training resulted in greater improvement in spatial-temporal indices compared to rehabilitation training in women with MS.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101818_42d743bbee3444819373effc9f2b00b1.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Utilizing Eye-Tracking Software to Identify and Modify Architectural Factors Affecting Treatment Outcomes for Autistic Children in Rehabilitation Treatment Environments: A Research Proposal Utilizing Eye-Tracking Software to Identify and Modify Architectural Factors Affecting Treatment Outcomes for Autistic Children in Rehabilitation Treatment Environments: A Research Proposal 480 491 1101832 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3375 FA Sasan Khademi Kalantari Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architectural Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2533-001x Navid MirzaKhani Araghi Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-0603-5808 Saman Khademi Kalantari Department of Visual Communication, Electronics Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-6586-3093 Journal Article 2025 05 27 Background and Aims Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by challenges in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing difficulties. Children with ASD often experience visual distractions in therapeutic environments, which can negatively impact treatment outcomes. This study aims to identify and minimize visual distractors in rehabilitation settings designed for autistic children by utilizing eye-tracking technology. Methods The research follows a structured two-phase methodology. The first phase involves collecting and analyzing gaze data using eye-tracking software to determine which visual elements in the environment contribute to sensory overload. The second phase focuses on environmental interventions and assessing changes in sensory integration following those modifications. Study tools include real-time eye-tracking systems, standardized sensory profiles, and observational behavioral checklists. By systematically modifying or removing visually disruptive stimuli—such as bright colors, cluttered patterns, or irrelevant visual input—the study expects improvements in the children's focus, engagement, and sensory processing abilities. Results The eye-tracking based method provided objective and reliable data for precise identification of visual distractors, enabling targeted environmental modifications that significantly improved focus and sensory processing in children with ASD. This innovative approach plays a crucial role in advancing the architectural design of therapeutic environments tailored for autistic children. Conclusion This research provides a model for developing supportive therapeutic environments that align with the sensory needs of children with ASD. The findings highlight the importance of designing environments that are not only functionally appropriate but also neurologically supportive. The implications extend to the design of rehabilitation centers, special education schools, and learning environments for children with special needs, offering practical guidelines for therapists, architects, and educators to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Background and Aims Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by challenges in social communication, repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing difficulties. Children with ASD often experience visual distractions in therapeutic environments, which can negatively impact treatment outcomes. This study aims to identify and minimize visual distractors in rehabilitation settings designed for autistic children by utilizing eye-tracking technology. Methods The research follows a structured two-phase methodology. The first phase involves collecting and analyzing gaze data using eye-tracking software to determine which visual elements in the environment contribute to sensory overload. The second phase focuses on environmental interventions and assessing changes in sensory integration following those modifications. Study tools include real-time eye-tracking systems, standardized sensory profiles, and observational behavioral checklists. By systematically modifying or removing visually disruptive stimuli—such as bright colors, cluttered patterns, or irrelevant visual input—the study expects improvements in the children's focus, engagement, and sensory processing abilities. Results The eye-tracking based method provided objective and reliable data for precise identification of visual distractors, enabling targeted environmental modifications that significantly improved focus and sensory processing in children with ASD. This innovative approach plays a crucial role in advancing the architectural design of therapeutic environments tailored for autistic children. Conclusion This research provides a model for developing supportive therapeutic environments that align with the sensory needs of children with ASD. The findings highlight the importance of designing environments that are not only functionally appropriate but also neurologically supportive. The implications extend to the design of rehabilitation centers, special education schools, and learning environments for children with special needs, offering practical guidelines for therapists, architects, and educators to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101832_1f7819df64d84a5288c580fe814cdc8e.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2251-8401 14 3 2025 07 23 Hip Joint Muscle Activation Patterns During Gait in Patients With Hip Dysplasia Versus Healthy Controls Using Musculoskeletal System Modeling Hip Joint Muscle Activation Patterns During Gait in Patients With Hip Dysplasia Versus Healthy Controls Using Musculoskeletal System Modeling 492 505 1101796 10.32598/SJRM.14.3.3329 FA Elahe Astan Department of Mechanical Engineering/Orthopaedic-BioMechanics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran. 0009-0009-3202-1918 Vahid Arbabi Department of Mechanical Engineering/Orthopaedic-BioMechanics Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran. 0000-0003-3347-2891 Mohammad Yousefi Department of Biomechanics and Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, South Khorasan, Iran. 0000-0002-2553-5277 Journal Article 2025 01 15 Background and Aims Hip dysplasia is a pathological condition of the hip joint characterized by abnormal acetabular geometry, resulting in insufficient femoral head coverage. This inadequate coverage, along with the relative lateral displacement of the femoral head, reduces the articular contact surface, alters intra-articular loading, and increases mechanical stress throughout the hip joint. Such stress accelerates cartilage wear, making patients more susceptible to early-onset hip osteoarthritis. Muscle forces and joint reaction forces are the primary mechanical factors in hip joint loading, and these forces are altered in patients with hip dysplasia. Examining the relationship between muscle activity, gait patterns, and joint contact forces can enhance the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hip dysplasia and aid in developing more effective treatment strategies. This study aims to analyze these interactions and identify factors influencing the improvement of hip joint function in individuals with hip dysplasia. The findings and insights derived from this research can be applied in clinical settings to aid muscle-strengthening exercises, thereby enhancing rehabilitation and clinical management of such patients. The primary objective of this study is to investigate and compare the activity of pelvic girdle muscles in individuals with hip dysplasia and healthy controls using musculoskeletal modeling. Methods In this study, 10 healthy individuals (mean age: 23±1.68 years) and 10 patients with left-side hip dysplasia (mean age: 25±2.54 years) were recruited and voluntarily participated. The study aimed to analyze and compare the activity of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscles in the two groups. The OpenSim software, version 4.4 utilized gait data from healthy and dysplastic participants to calculate and analyze muscle activity for further investigation. Results No significant differences were observed in the demographic characteristics of participants between the healthy and dysplasia groups (P>0.05). However, the significance level of muscle activity in the gluteus medius, TFL, and rectus femoris muscles was <0.05. The gluteus medius and TFL muscles exhibited significantly higher activity in individuals with hip dysplasia compared to the control group. Additionally, the gluteus maximus muscle activity increased relative to the control group. Conversely, the rectus femoris muscle demonstrated a decrease in activity. Conclusion This study demonstrated that individuals with hip dysplasia exhibit elevated muscle activation levels during the gait cycle compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the GRFs and center of pressure dynamics showed distinct patterns in the dysplasia group. The altered biomechanics of hip dysplasia shorten the muscle moment arm, necessitating greater muscle forces to achieve the required joint torques. These findings highlight that increased muscle activity in hip dysplasia impairs movement efficiency and elevates intra-articular forces. Therefore, developing targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at optimizing biomechanical function and mitigating excessive muscle activation is crucial for effectively managing hip dysplasia. Background and Aims Hip dysplasia is a pathological condition of the hip joint characterized by abnormal acetabular geometry, resulting in insufficient femoral head coverage. This inadequate coverage, along with the relative lateral displacement of the femoral head, reduces the articular contact surface, alters intra-articular loading, and increases mechanical stress throughout the hip joint. Such stress accelerates cartilage wear, making patients more susceptible to early-onset hip osteoarthritis. Muscle forces and joint reaction forces are the primary mechanical factors in hip joint loading, and these forces are altered in patients with hip dysplasia. Examining the relationship between muscle activity, gait patterns, and joint contact forces can enhance the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hip dysplasia and aid in developing more effective treatment strategies. This study aims to analyze these interactions and identify factors influencing the improvement of hip joint function in individuals with hip dysplasia. The findings and insights derived from this research can be applied in clinical settings to aid muscle-strengthening exercises, thereby enhancing rehabilitation and clinical management of such patients. The primary objective of this study is to investigate and compare the activity of pelvic girdle muscles in individuals with hip dysplasia and healthy controls using musculoskeletal modeling. Methods In this study, 10 healthy individuals (mean age: 23±1.68 years) and 10 patients with left-side hip dysplasia (mean age: 25±2.54 years) were recruited and voluntarily participated. The study aimed to analyze and compare the activity of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscles in the two groups. The OpenSim software, version 4.4 utilized gait data from healthy and dysplastic participants to calculate and analyze muscle activity for further investigation. Results No significant differences were observed in the demographic characteristics of participants between the healthy and dysplasia groups (P>0.05). However, the significance level of muscle activity in the gluteus medius, TFL, and rectus femoris muscles was <0.05. The gluteus medius and TFL muscles exhibited significantly higher activity in individuals with hip dysplasia compared to the control group. Additionally, the gluteus maximus muscle activity increased relative to the control group. Conversely, the rectus femoris muscle demonstrated a decrease in activity. Conclusion This study demonstrated that individuals with hip dysplasia exhibit elevated muscle activation levels during the gait cycle compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the GRFs and center of pressure dynamics showed distinct patterns in the dysplasia group. The altered biomechanics of hip dysplasia shorten the muscle moment arm, necessitating greater muscle forces to achieve the required joint torques. These findings highlight that increased muscle activity in hip dysplasia impairs movement efficiency and elevates intra-articular forces. Therefore, developing targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at optimizing biomechanical function and mitigating excessive muscle activation is crucial for effectively managing hip dysplasia.

https://medrehab.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1101796_94feb80307cbc6f4a7a8b58c7847b574.pdf