نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم ورزشی دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران
2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ملکان، ملکان، ایران
3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم ورزشی دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and Aim: Vital benefits of breast-feeding for mother and child's growth and immunity against diseases are indubitable; however, the effects of mother's physical activity on breast milk during breast-feeding is not clearly known. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term submaximal aerobic exercises on homemaker mothers' breast milk factors.
Materials and Methods: A total of 30 non-athlete healthy and convenient mothers voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. The first milk samples from both groups were taken 24 hours before the exercise and the second samples were obtained from the experimental group right after the excersise finished. Samples were also taken 24 hours after the 12-week exercise program from the experimental group. A third sampling was also conducted for both groups. In order to study the effects of exercising on milk factors, t-test and two-factor variance test were run.
Results: One hour of aerobic exercises with 60 to 70% HRMAX were observed to have significant effects on breast milk factors of mothers for an hour: fat percentage and protein increased, lactose and water content decreased, and conductivity remained unchanged. Moreover, the study failed to find any significant difference between the effects of 12-week aerobic exercises on milk factors in control and experimental groups.
Conclusion: Findings revealed that long-term and average-intensity aerobic exercises, aiming to improve breast-feeding function, do not have a significant effect on homemaker mothers' breast milk factors.
کلیدواژهها [English]
10. Honarvar F, Tadayon M, Afshari P, Namjooyan F, Haghighi M H. A Study on the Effects of Fennel on the Level of Prolactine in Breast Feeding Mothers. J of Wom, Mid and Infe of Iran 2013; 65: 18- 24. [In Persain] ##
11. Hansen WF, Mcandrew S, Harris K. Metoclopramide effect on breastfeeding the preterm infant: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105(2): 383-9. ##
12. Sekhavat L, Zare F, Akhavan Karbasi S. Comparison of effect of Domperidone and placebo on human milk production. Zahedan j of resa in Med Scie 2008; 9: 247-254. [In Persain] ##
13. Robledo-Colonia AF, Sandoval-Restrepo N, Mosquera-Valderrama YF. Aerobic exercise training during pregnancy reduces depressive symptoms in nulliparous women: a randomized clinical trial. J Physiothe 2012; 58: 9–15. ##
14. Audrey J N and Ruth A W. Lactation Management Self-Study Modules Level I. Wellstart Int, Acad of Breastfeed Med 2014; www.wellstart.org##
15. Daley AJ, Thomas A, Cooper H, Fitzpatrick H, McDonald C, Moore H et al. Maternal Exercise and Growth in Breastfed Infants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pediatrics 2012; Doi.10.1542/peds.2011-2485. ##
16. Amanda J D, Adele Th, Helen C, Hannah F, Catherine McD, Heather M and et al. Maternal Exercise and Growth in Breastfed Infants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pediatrics 2012; (130): 108-114. Online, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2485. ##
17. Lovelady C. Balancing exercise and food intake with lactation to promote post-partum weight loss (Review). Proc Nutr Soc 2011; 70(2): 181-4. ##
18. Su D, Zhao Y, Binns C, Scott J and Oddy W. Breastfeeding mothers can exercise: results of a cohort study. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10(10): 1089–1093. ##
19. Larson-Meyer DE. Effect of Postpartum Exercise on Mothers and their Offspring: A; Review of the Literature. Obes Res 2002; 10(8): 41-53. ##
20. Wright KS, Quinn TJ, Carey GB. Infant acceptance of breast milk after maternal exercise. Pediatrics 2002; 109(4): 585–589. ##
21. Fly AD, Uhlin KL, Wallace JP. Major mineral concentrations in human milk do not change after maximal exercise testing. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68(2): 34-59. ##
22. Nascimento SL, Pudwell J, Surita FG, Adamo KB and Smith GN. The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J of Obes 2013; 1(10): 183 doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.183. ##
23. Elizabeth AQ, Fe Largado, Michael P and Christopher WK. Predictors of breast milk macronutrient composition in Filipino mothers. Am J of Hum Biol (2012); 24(4): 533–540. ##
24. Sanna L, Marie A, Per Ola D, Daniel S-Aa, Annika H, Susanna L and et al. Large variation in breast milk levels of organohalogenated compounds is dependent onmother's age, changes in body composition and exposures early in life. J. Env. Monit 2011; 13: 1607-1616. ##
25. Andrea R, Josse S, Phillips M. Impact of Milk Consumption and Resistance Training on Body Composition of Female Athletes Andrea R. Josse Stuart M. Phillips. Med Sport Sci. Basel Karger 2013; 59: 94–103. ##
26. Josse AR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Body composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42(6): 1122-30. ##
27. Adams Gene M. A Guide to the Laboratory of Sports Physiology. Second Ed. Translated by: Farhad Rahmani Nia, Hamid Rajabi, Abbasali Gayini and Hossein Mojtehedi. Tehran: Asre Entezar Pub 2013; 207-218. [In Persain] ##
28. Heather L.C, Cheryl A.L. Use of My Pyramid Menu Planner for Moms in a weight-loss intervention during lactation. J of the Acad of Nutr and Dietet 2012; 112(4); 553–558. ##
29. Bopp Melanie J. Effects of diet and exercise on maternal body composition and breast Milk Components. University of North Carolina at Greensboro. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 105(9).1395-403. ##
30. Martin RM, Patel R, Kramer MS, Vilchuck K, Bogdanovich N, Sergeichick N et al. Effects of promoting longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding on cardiometabolic risk factors at age 11.5 years: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2014; 129: 321–329. ##
31. Bopp M, Lovelady C, Hunter C, Kinsella T. Maternal diet and exercise: effects on long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acid concentrations in breast milk. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105(7).1098-103. ##
32. Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, Kelley D, Moyna N and Pescatello L. The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S438-445. ##
33. Neville MC. Anatomy and physiology of lactation. Noryh Am. 2001; 48(1): 13–34. ##
34. Lovelady CA, Fuller CJ, Geigerman CM, Hunter CP, Kinsella TC. Immune status of physically active women during lactation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36(6): 1-7. ##
35. Macias C and Schweigert F.J. Changes in the concentration of carotenoids, vitamin A, and Alpha-tocopherol and total lipids in human milk throughout early lactation. Ann. Nutr. Metab 2001; 45: 82-85. ##
36. Romano G, Raggi L, MacNiven V, Guzmány W, Ferrando G. Estudio preliminar de la composición de la leche de alpacas (Lamapacos), en la zona central de Chile. XX Reunión Anual Sociedad Chilena de Producción Animal. Coquimbo, Chile 1995; 12: 195-196. ##
37. Jones C, Burns Sh, Howat P, Jancey J, McManus A and Carter O. Playgroups as a setting for nutrition and p hysical activity interventions for mothers with young children: exploratory qualitative findings. Health Prom J of Australia 2010; 21(2): 92-98. ##
38. Berger A.A, Peragallo-Urrutia R, Nicholson W.K. Systematic review of the effect of individual and combined nutrition and exercise interventions on weight, adiposity and metabolic outcomes after delivery: evidence for developing behavioral guidelines for post-partum weight control. BMC Pregn and Childb 2014; 14: 319-26. ##
39. Fernando M, Paula M.S, Kelly R.W, Carol L.B. A new liquid human milk fortifier and growth in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2012; 130(4): e928- e935. ##
40. Parraguez M, Thénot E, Latorre G, Ferrando Raggi. Milk Composition in Alpaca (Lama Pacos): Comparative Study in Two Regions of Chile. Arch. Zootec 2003; 52: 431-439. ##
41. Lonnerdal B, Zavaleta N, Kusunoki L, Lanata CF, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Effect of postpartum maternal infection on proteins and trace elements in colostrum and early milk. Acta Paediatrics. 1996; 85: 537–542. ##
42. Quinn TJ, Carey GB. Does exercise intensity or diet influence lactic acid accumulation in breast milk? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31(1): 105–110. ##
43. Wright KS, Quinn TJ, Carey GB. Infant acceptance of breast milk after maternal exercise. Pediatrics 2002; 109(4) .585–589. ##
44. Kolahdoozian K. Identifying the Connection between PH, Acidity, Density Conductivity and Freezing Point. MA Thesis. Karaj. Islamic Azad University. Faculty of Veterinary 2011; 48. [In Persain] ##
45. Tartibian B, Heidar Loo Fariba. The Effect of Selected Aerobic Exercises on Density of iga in mothers. Physic Educ and Kinet 2004; 24: 150- 170. [In Persain] ##
46. Larson-Meyer DE. Effect of Postpartum Exercise on Mothers and their Offspring: A; Rev of the Liter. Obes Res 2002; 10(8): 41-53. ##
47. Hilde K.B, Fredrik B, Kathleen M.R, Ingvar B, Lars E, Anna W. Diet and Exercise Interventions among Overweight and Obese Lactating Women: Randomized Trial of Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(2): e88250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088250##