اثربخشی تحریک فراجمجمه ای مغز با استفاده از جریان مستقیم الکتریکی (TDCS) بر کارکردهای اجرایی کودکان دارای اختلال یادگیری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی بالینی کودک و نوجوان، دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد، یزد، ایران

2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد، یزد، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علم و هنر یزد، یزد، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف
نقص در کارکردهای اجرایی همچون مهارت­ های تنظیم رفتار (بازداری، انتقال توجه، کنترل هیجان) و مهارت­ های فراشناخت (برنامه­ ریزی، سازمان­دهی مواد، نظارت، حافظه کاری، آغازگری) و ضعف در خواندن، نوشتن و ریاضیات از علائم رایج در اختلالات یادگیری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی تحریک فراجمجمه ­ای مغز با استفاده از جریان مستقیم الکتریکی (TDCS) بر کارکردهای اجرایی کودکان دارای اختلال یادگیری استان یزد صورت گرفت.
مواد و روش­ ها
طرح پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه­ آزمایشی با پیش­ آزمون-پس آزمون و گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دانش­ آموزان دارای اختلال یادگیری دختر و پسر دوره دبستان در استان یزد در سال تحصیلی 99-98 بودند که از میان آنان 30 نفر به روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و با گمارش تصادفی، به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل (15 نفر برای هر دو گروه) تقسیم شدند. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه کارکردهای اجرایی BRIEF بود. گروه آزمایش طی 10 جلسه 20 دقیقه ­ای جریان مستقیم و ضعیف 1/5 میلی­آمپر از طریق قرار دادن الکترود آند 5 در 5 سانت در منطقه پیش­پیشانی خلفی-جانبی چپ Fz و کاتد 5 در 7 سانت و جریان یک میلی­آمپر بر روی ساعد دست راست قرار گرفت. داده­ها با بهره­ گیری از  تحلیل کواریانس یک­راهه (آنکوا) و چندمتغیره (مانکوا) و آزمون مقایسه میانگین­ها تی مستقل مورد تجزیه­ و­ تحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافته­ ها
نتایج نشان داد که تحریک فراجمجمه­ ای مغز با استفاده از جریان مستقیم الکتریکی (TDCS) بر مهارت­ های تنظیم رفتار (بازداری، انتقال توجه، کنترل هیجان) و مهارت ­های فراشناخت (برنامه ­ریزی، سازمان­دهی مواد، نظارت، حافظه کاری، آغازگری) مؤثر بوده است.
نتیجه­ گیری
با توجه به یافته­های پژوهش برای بهبود کارکردهای اجرایی کودکان دارای اختلالات یادگیری که شامل مهارت ­های تنظیم رفتار و مهارت ­های فراشناخت می­شود می­توان از تحریک فراجمجمه­ ای مغز با استفاده از جریان مستقیم الکتریکی (TDCS) استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) on Executive Functions of Children with Learning Disabilities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parisa Arefanian 1
  • Mohsen Saeidmanesh 2
  • Mahdieh Azizi 3
1 MA in Clinical Psychology of Child and Adolescent, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
3 PhD student in Clinical Psychology, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Aims: Deficits in executive functions, such as behavioral adjustment skills (inhibition, attention transfer, emotion control) and metacognitive skills (planning, organizing materials, monitoring, working memory, initiation) and weak reading, writing, and maths, are common symptoms in learning disabilities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) on executive functions of children with learning disabilities in Yazd province.
Materials and Methods: A semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group study was conducted. The statistical population included all students with learning disabilities in Yazd province during 2018-2019. A total of 30 students were selected as the sample group using the Purposeful sampling method.  We randomly divided the participants into two control and experimental groups (n = 15 each). The research tool was the executive functions questionnaire of Bariff (Gerard et al., 2000). The experimental group was exposed to 1.5 milliamperes direct and weak current by inserting the anode electrode 5 x 5 cm in the left posterior forehead area (FZ) and also exposed to 1 milliampere current by inserting the cathode 5 x 7 cm on the right forearm, for 10 sessions, each session lasting for 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (Mankova) as well as independent t-test.
Results: The results showed that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) has been effective in both behavioral regulation skills (inhibition, attention transfer, emotion control) and metacognitive skills (planning, organizing materials, monitoring, working memory, initiation).
Conclusion: According to the results, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) seems effective in improving the executive functions of children with learning disabilities as well as their behavioral and cognitive skills.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)
  • Executive Functions
  • Learning disability

مراجع

1. Sadook, B. J; Sadook, V. A & Ruiz, P. (2015). Psychiatry Summary: Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry, Translated by Farzin Rezaei (2018) Volume Three, Arjmand Publications.##
2. Dehghani, Y and Moradi, N.Z. Teaching Active Memory, Inhibition, and Reading Function in Students with Special Learning Disabilities (ADHD), Journal of Neurology and Psychology. (2018).  4, 3, 142-123. ##
3. Kirk, S.; Gallagher, G. J. & AnastasiowColeman, M. R.Educating. Exceptional Children,Elementh edition, Houghthon Mifflin Company, Boston, USA. . (2006). ##
4. Mousavi, S. A; Valinejad, M.  & Sharkami, F. Prevalence of Learning Disorders in Elementary School Students, First National Conference of Islamic Humanities. (2015). 6-1. [In Persian]. ##
5. Hallahan, D; Lloyd, J; Kaufman, J; Weiss, M & Martinez, E. (2003). Learning Disorders (Principles, Characteristics and Effective Teaching), Translated by Alizadeh, H. Alamdarloo, GH.  Rezai, S. Shojaee, S. (2016), Arasbaran Publishing. ##
6. Gooch, D; Snowling, M. & Hulme, H. Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. (2011). 52:(2), 195–203. ##
7. Narimani, M; Abolghasemi, A & Ilbeigi, R. The Effectiveness of Verbal Self-Education on Executive Functions and Motor Visual Coordination of Children with Reading Disorders, Journal of Learning Disability. (2017). 7, 2, 93-72. [In Persian]. ##
8. Trautman, M. Strategies to Address Weak Executive Functioning Skills. ( 2012). ##
9.Vandersluis, S. dejenge, P. F. & Vanderleij, A. Inhibition and shifting in children with learning deficits in arithmetic reading.J of Expermintal Child Psycholgy. (2004). 87: 239- 266. ##
10. Javanmard, Gh. & Assadollahi Fam, F. Comparison of executive functions of children with learning disabilities with children with disabilities reading, writing and normal children, Journal of Psychiatric Neuroscience. (2017). 3, 3, 50-40. [In Persian]. ##
11. Bull, R., & Scerif, G. Executive Functions as a Predictor of Children Mathematics Ability: Inhibition, Shifting, and Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, (2001). 19, 273-293. ##
12. Rajaei Poor, M. S & Saeed Manesh, M. The Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Direct Brain Electrical Stimulation (TDCS) on the Memory of Students with Special Learning Disorders, Journal of Psychological Neuroscience. (2018).  4, 13, 84–67. [In Persian].
 ##13. Arkan, A & Yaryari, F. Transcranial brain stimulation using direct electrical current (TDCS) on working memory in healthy subjects, Journal of Cognitive Psychology. (2014). 2, 2, 17-10. [In Persian]. ##
14. Zemestani, M; Izadpanah, E.  & Soleimani, S. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Methods of Transcutaneous Brain Direct Electrical Stimulation (tDCS) and Play Therapy on Improving Attention and Psychomotor Performance in Children with Learning Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study, Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. (2019). 30, 3, 186-174. [In Persian]. ##
15. RoholAmini, SH; Soleimani, M. & Waqif, L. The effect of transcranial direct electrical stimulation of the brain on selective attention and cognitive flexibility in students with learning-specific reading disorder, Journal of Learning Disabilities. (2018).  28, 41-23. [In Persian]. ##
16. Amini Masouleh, M. Comparison of the Efficacy of Computer Assigned Cognitive Rehabilitation Protocol with and without Transcutaneous Direct Electrostimulation (TDCS) in Improving the Executive Functions of Patients with Stroke, MSc Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Shahid. (2016). [In Persian]. ##
17. Nodei, Kh. ; Sarami, Gh & Keramati, H. The Relationship between Executive Functions and Working Memory Capacity with Student Reading Performance: The Role of Age, Gender, and Intelligence. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. (2016). 4, 3. [In Persian]. ##
18- Nagar zadegan, M., Negati, V., Amiri, N., SHarifian, M. Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on executive function (working memory and attention) in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Rehab Med. 2015; 4(2): 97-108. [In Persian]. ##
19. Shah Mohammadi Kalibar, M؛ Bafandeh, H ؛ Yousefi, R. & Rahbaran, R. The Effect of Transcranial Direct Electrical Stimulation on Response Inhibition in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Khatam Neuroscience Journal. (2019). 7, 2, 12-1. [In Persian]. ##
20. Sabah, S. Comparison of the Effect of Cognitive Exercises and tDCS on Improving Inhibition Control and Risky Decision Making in Healthy Individuals, M.Sc. in Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, University Campus. (2017). [In Persian]. ##
21. Esbaghi, M. The Effect of Transcutaneous Direct Brain Electrical Stimulation (TDCS) Therapy on Increasing Executive Functions and Reducing Symptoms of Children with Math Disorders Based on Evidence-Based Potential ERP Event, MSc in Exceptional Child Psychology, School of Psychology and Tehran University. (2015). [In Persian]. ##
22. Samii Sanjani, M. The Effect of Brain Stimulation by Direct Electron Flow (TDCS) on Executive Functions, MSc Thesis, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kharazmi University. (2016). [In Persian]. ##
23. Soltaninejad, Z. Nejati, W. & Ekhtiari, H. The effect of direct electrical stimulation of right inferior frontal gyrus on inhibition in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. (2015). 3, 4, 9-1. [In Persian]. ##
24. Hogeveen J, Grafman J, Aboseria M, David A, Bikson M, Hauner K. Effects of high-definition and conventional tDCS on response inhibition. Brain Stimul. (2016). 9(5): 720-9. ##
25. Coffman, B., Trumbo, M & Clark, V. Enhancement of object detection with transcranial direct current stimulation is associated with increased attention, BMC Neuroscience. (2012). 13, 2-8. ##
26. Elmimanesh, Nila; Shibani Arabs, Kh. & Ashrafi, H. R. The Effect of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Using Direct Electric Stream (TDCS) on Improving Visual Attention in High School Students, Journal of Neuropsychological Education and Psychology. (2018). 4, 13, 96-85. [In Persian]. ##
27. Keshvari, F; Hesmati, P. &  Qasemian Shirvan, E. The role of forebrain cortex area in mood experience: A study of brain stimulation, research in psychological health. (2017). 11, 1, 38–25. [In Persian]. ##
28. Oraki, M. Shah Moradi, S. The effect of transcranial brain stimulation using direct electrical current (TDCS) on working memory and severity of depressive symptoms, Journal of Neuroscience. (2018). 15, 88-75. [In Persian]. ##
29. SHahbazzadeh, M. The Effect of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tDCS) on Working Memory, MSc Thesis, Tabriz University. (2017). [In Persian]. ##
30. Arjemandnia, A; Asbaghi, M; Afrooz, Gh. &  Rahmanian, M. The Effect of Direct Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TDCS) on Increased Active Memory in Children with Math Disorders, Journal of Learning Disabilities. (2016). 6, 1, 25-7. [in Persian].
31. Bayat Mokhtari, L; Agha Yousefi, A; The effect of direct electrical stimulation of the brain on the skull and phonological awareness training on auditory performance improvement of working memory of dyslexic children, Journal of Exceptional Children. (2015). 17, 4, 48-37. [In Persian]. ##
32. Teixeira-Santos, A. C., Nafee, T., Sampaio, A., Leite, J., & Carvalho, S. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in healthy older adults: a systematic review. Principles and Practice of Clinical Research, (2015).  1(3). ##
33. Hoy KE, Arnold SL, Emonson MR, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. An investigation into the effects of tDCS dose on cognitive performance over time in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. (2014). 155:96–100. ##
34. Andrews SC, Hoy KE, Enticott PG, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Improving working memory: the effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul. (2011). 4(2):84–89. ##
35. Ohn, S. H., Park, C. I., Yoo, W. K., Ko, M. H., Choi, K. P., Kim, G. M., ... & Kim, Y. H. Time-dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the enhancement of working memory. Neuroreport, (2008).  19(1), 43-47. ##
36. Matzen, L.E.& Trumbo, M.C."Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Human Memory". Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM).Albuquerque,NM (United States). (2014). ##
دوماهنامه علمی - پژوهشی طب توانبخشی
دوره 9، شماره 4
دی 1399
صفحه 91-101

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 12 آذر 1398
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 01 اسفند 1398
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 13 اسفند 1398
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 01 دی 1399

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار