The Effect of ACL Intervention Programs on the Improvement of Neuromuscular Deficiencies and Reducing the Incidence of ACL Injury (A Review Article)

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 1. Phd Student of Sport Injuries & Corrective Exercises in University of Tehran Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science Iran.

2 2. Associate Professor.in University of guilan Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science.Iran.

3 3. Assistant Professor in University of Tehran Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science. Tehran, Iran

4 4. Associate Professor.in University of guilan Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science. Iran.

Abstract

Background and Aim: The most common knee ligament injuries is the Anterior Aruciate Ligament tear. In addition to the high cost of treatment, damage causes loss of sports participation, creation of secondary damage and mental problems in athletes. Accordingly, prevention of ACL injuries has been given top priority in most Studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ACL intervention programs on improvement of neuromuscular deficiencies and reducing the incidence of ACL injury.
Materials and Methods: Searching in specific scientific citations PubMed Medline و Science Direct was carried out for relevant articles with the subject coverage of "Intervention Program",   "ACL Injuries", "Neuromuscular Deficiencies" during 1996-2013.
Results: Some intervention programs (such as Sportsmetrics, PEP, KIPP, FIFA +11) resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of ACL injuries in both male and female athletes especially in individuals less than 18 ages. The result of landing force was controversial, but most of the studies have reported the reduction in hip and knee moment. Increased knee and hip flexion angles were reported in most studies, Changes and improvements over time in various activities, was different. Most studies were reported the improvement of the lower extremities in coronal plan during jump landing tasks. Improving lower extremity muscle strength following training for the hamstring, quadriceps, hamstrings ratio to the quadriceps and early onset of hamstring activity and decreased onset of quadriceps were reported.  
Conclusion: Selection of appropriate ACL intervention program according to age, sport, and personal characteristic for improving neuromuscular index (corrected hamstring and quadriceps muscle activation patterns) improvement of the biomechanics of movement (landing softer with increased knee and hip flexion and decreased knee Valgus) improving landing pattern and reduction in ACL injury rates are effective.

Keywords

References

  1.  

    1. Nagano, Y., H. Ida, M. Akai, and T. Fukubayashi, Gender differences in knee kinematics and muscle activity during single limb droP landing. The Knee, 2007. 14(3): P. 218-223.##
    2. Hootman, J.M., R. Dick, and J. Agel, EPidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sPorts: summary and recommendations for injury Prevention initiatives. Journal of Athletic Training, 2007. 42(2): P. 311-319.##
    3. Griffin, L.Y., M.J. Albohm, E.A. Arendt, R. Bahr, B.D. Beynnon, M. DeMaio, R.W. Dick, L. Engebretsen, W.E. Garrett, and J.A. Hannafin, Understanding and Preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The American Journal of SPorts Medicine, 2006. 34(9): P. 1512.##
    4. Palmieri-Smith, R.M., E.M. Wojtys, and J.A. Ashton-Miller, Association between PreParatory muscle activation and Peak valgus knee angle. Journal of ElectromyograPhy and Kinesiology, 2008. 18(6): P. 973-979.##
    5. Baer GS, Harner CD (2007) Clinical outcomes of allograft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin SPorts Med 26(4):661–681.##
    6. CooPer MT, Kaeding C. ComParison of the hosPital cost of autograft versus allograft soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. ArthroscoPy. 2010; 26(11):1478–82.##
    7. Genuario JW, Faucett SC, Boublik M, Schlegel TF. A cost-effectiveness analysis comParing 3 anterior cruciate ligament graft tyPes: bone-Patellar tendon-bone autograft, hamstring autograft, and allograft. Am J SPorts Med. 2011;40(2):307–14.##
    8. Agel J, Arendt EA, Bershadsky B. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in national collegiate athletic association basketball and soccer. The American Journal of SPorts Medicine 2005;33: 524-31.##
    9. Norris CM. SPorts injuries: Diagnosis and management: Butterworth Heinemann 2004: 33- 45.##
    10. Gilchrist J, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H et al (2008) A randomized controlled trial to Prevent noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female collegiate soccer Players. Am J SPorts Med 36(8):1476–1483.##
    11. Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV et al (1999) The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. A ProsPective study. Am J SPorts Med 27(6):699–706.##
    12. Labella CR, Huxford MR, Grissom J et al (2011) Effect of neuromuscular warm-uP on injuries in female soccer and basketball athletes in urban Public high schools: cluster randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165(11):1033–1040.##
    13. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS et al (2005) Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and ProPriocePtive training Program in Preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-uP. Am J SPorts Med 33(7):1003–1010##
    14. Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH et al (2003) Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball Players: a ProsPective intervention study over three seasons. Clin J SPort Med 13(2):71–78##
    15. Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M et al (2008) Neuromuscular training and the risk of leg injuries in female fl oorball Players: cluster randomised controlled study. BMJ 337:a295##
    16. Petersen W, Braun C, Bock W et al (2005) A controlled ProsPective case control study of a Prevention training Program in female team handball Players: the German exPerience. Arch OrthoP Trauma Surg 125(9):614–621##
    17. Pfeiffer RP, Shea KG, Roberts D et al (2006) Lack of effect of a knee ligament injury Prevention Program on the incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(8): 1769–1774.##
    18. Steffen K, Myklebust G, Olsen OE et al (2008) Preventing injuries in female youth football – a cluster- randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci SPorts 18(5):605–614.##
    19. Myer GD, Sugimoto D, Thomas S, Hewett TE. The Influence of Age on the Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Training to Reduce Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Athletes. Am J SPorts Med 2013 41: 203.##
    20. Grooms DR, Thomas Palmer T,Onate JA, Myer GD ,Grindstaff  T . ComPrehensive Soccer-SPecific Warm-UP and Lower Extremity Injury in Collegiate Male Soccer Players. Journal of Athletic Training 2013;48(4):01–05.##
    21. Longo UG, LoPPini M, Berton A, Marinozzi A, Maffulli N, Denaro V. The FIFA 111 Program Is Effective in Preventing Injuries in Elite Male Basketball Players. AJSM PreView, Published on March 13, 2012 as doi:10.1177 .##
    22. Walden M, Atroshi I, Magnusson H, Wagner P, Hagglund M. Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football Players: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e3042.##
    23. Kiani A, Hellquist E, Ahlqvist K, Gedeborg R, Michaelsson K, Byberg L. Prevention of soccer-related knee injuries in teenaged girls. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:43-49.##
    24. Barendrecht M, Lezeman HC, Duysens J et al (2011) Neuromuscular training imProves knee kinematics, in Particular in valgus aligned adolescent team handball Players of both sexes. J Strength Cond Res 25(3): 575–584##
    25. ChaPPell JD, LimPisvasti O (2008) Effect of a neuromuscular training Program on the kinetics and kinematics of jumPing tasks. Am J SPorts Med 36(6): 1081–1086##
    26. Chimera NJ, Swanik KA, Swanik CB et al (2004) Effects of Plyometric training on muscle-activation strategies and Performance in female athletes. J Athl Train 39(1):24–31##
    27. Distefano LJ, Padua DA, Blackburn JT et al (2010) Integrated injury Prevention Program imProves balance and vertical jumP height in children. J Strength Cond Res 24(2):332–342##
    28. Herman DC, Weinhold PS, Guskiewicz KM et al (2008) The effects of strength training on the lower extremity biomechanics of female recreational athletes during a stoP-jumP task. Am J SPorts Med 36(4):733–740##
    29. Herman DC, Onate JA, Weinhold PS et al (2009) The effects of feedback with and without strength training on lower extremity biomechanics. Am J SPorts Med37(7):1301–1308.##
    30. Hewett TE, StrouPe AL, Nance TA et al (1996) Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased imPact forces and increased hamstring torques. Am J SPorts Med 24(6):765–7##
    31. Holm I, Fosdahl MA, Friis A et al (2004) Effect of neuromuscular training on ProPriocePtion, balance, muscle strength, and lower limb function in female team handball Players. Clin J SPort Med 14(2):88–94##
    32. Irmischer BS, Harris C, Pfeiffer RP et al (2004) Effects of a knee ligament injury Prevention exercise Program on imPact forces in women. J Strength Cond Res 18(4):703–707##
    33. LePhart SM, Abt JP, Ferris CM et al (2005) Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristic changes in high school athletes: a Plyometric versus basic resistance Program. Br J SPorts Med 39(12):932–938.##
    34. Lim BO, Lee YS, Kim JG et al (2009) Effects of sPorts injury Prevention training on the biomechanical risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament injury in high school female basketball Players. Am J SPorts Med 37(9):1728–1734##
    35. Myer GD, Ford KR, Palumbo JP et al (2005) Neuromuscular training imProves Performance and lower-extremity biomechanics in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 19(1):51–60##
    36. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Fleckenstein C et al (2005) The droP-jumP screening test: difference in lower limb control by gender and effect of neuromuscular training in female athletes. Am J SPorts Med 33(2):197–207##
    37. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST et al (2011) A training Program to imProve neuromuscular indices in female high school volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 25(8):2151–2160##
    38. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST et al (2012) A training Program to imProve neuromuscular and Performance indices in female high school basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 26(3):709–719##
    39. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST et al (2012) A training Program to imProve neuromuscular and Performance indices in female high school soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. EPub ahead of Print, March 4, 2012##
    40. Wilkerson GB, Colston MA, Short NI et al (2004) Neuromuscular changes in female collegiate athletes resulting from a Plyometric jumP-training Program. J Athl Train 39(1):17–23##
    41. Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Taylor PD et al (1996) Neuromuscular adaPtations in isokinetic, isotonic, and agility training Programs. Am J SPorts Med 24(2):187–192##
    42. Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL et al (2008) The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control during sidecutting in female elite soccer and handball Players. Clin J SPort Med 18(4): 329–337.##
    43. Pfile KR, Hart JM, Herman DC, Hertel J, Kerrigan C, Ingersoll D. Different Exercise Training Interventions and DroP-Landing Biomechanics in High School Female Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training 2013; 48(4):450–462.##
    44. Sheerin K, Hume P, Whatman C. Effects of a lower limb functional exercise Programme aimed at minimising knee valgus angle on running kinematics in youth athletes. Physical TheraPy in SPort. (2012) 1-5.##
    45. Bell D, Oates C, Clark M, Padua D. Two- and 3-Dimensional Knee Valgus Are Reduced After an Exercise Intervention in Young Adults With Demonstrable Valgus During Squatting. Journal of Athletic Training 2013;48(4):442–449.##
    46. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L et al (2005) Exercises to Prevent lower limb injuries in youth sPorts: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 330(7489):449##
    47. Sadoghi P, von Keudell A, Vavken P (2012) Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury Prevention training Programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(9):769–776##
    48. Yoo JH, Lim BO, Ha M et al (2010) A meta-analysis of the effect of neuromuscular training on the Prevention of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Knee Surg SPorts Traumatol Arthrosc 18(6):824–830.##
    49. Soderman K, Werner S, Pietila T et al (2000) Balance board training: Prevention of traumatic injuries of the lower extremities in female soccer Players? A ProsPective randomized intervention study. Knee Surg SPorts Traumatol Arthrosc 8(6):356–363.##
    50. Heidt RS Jr, Sweeterman LM, Carlonas RL et al (2000) Avoidance of soccer injuries with Preseason conditioning. Am J SPorts Med 28(5):659–662.##
    51. Petersen W, ZantoP T, Steensen M et al (2002) Prevention of lower extremity injuries in handball: initial results of the handball injuries Prevention Programme. SPortverletz SPortschaden 16(3):122–126.##
    52. Caraffa A, Cerulli G, Projetti M et al (1996) Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer. A ProsPective controlled study of ProPriocePtive training. Knee Surg SPorts Traumatol Arthrosc 4(1):19–21.##
    53. Steffen K, Bakka HM, Myklebust G et al (2008) Performance asPects of an injury Prevention Program: a ten-week intervention in adolescent female football Players. Scand J Med Sci SPorts 18(5):596–604.##
    54. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE (1995) A method to helP reduce the risk of serious knee sPrains incurred in alPine skiing. Am J SPorts Med 23(5):531–537.##
    55. Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K et al (2008) ComPrehensive warm-uP Programme to Prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ 337:a2469.##
    56. WedderkoPP N, Kaltoft M, Lundgaard B et al (1999) Prevention of injuries in young female Players in EuroPean team handball. A ProsPective intervention study. Scand J Med Sci SPorts 9(1):41–47##
    57. Barber-Westin SD, Smith ST, CamPbell T et al (2010) The droP-jumP video screening test: retention of imProvement in neuromuscular control in female volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 24(11):3055–3062.##
    58. DiStefano LJ, Padua DA, DiStefano MJ et al (2009) In fl uence of age, sex, technique, and exercise Program on movement Patterns after an anterior cruciate ligament injury Prevention Program in youth soccer Players. Am J SPorts Med 37(3):495–505##
    59. Grandstrand SL, Pfeiffer RP, Sabick MB et al (2006) The effects of a commercially available warm-uP Program on landing mechanics in female youth soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 20(2):331–335##
    60. Herrington L (2010) The effects of 4 weeks of jumP training on landing knee valgus and crossover hoP Performance in female basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 24(14):3427–3432##
    61. Kato S, Urabe Y, Kawamura K (2008) Alignment control exercise changes lower extremity movement during stoP movements in female basketball Players. Knee 15(4):299 304##
    62. Myer GD, Ford KR, McLean SG et al (2006) The effects of Plyometric versus dynamic stabilization and balance training on lower extremity biomechanics. Am J SPorts Med 34(3):445–455##
    63. Myer GD, Ford KR, Brent JL et al (2007) Differential neuromuscular training effects on ACL injury risk factors in“high-risk” versus “low-risk” athletes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 8:39.##
    64. Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M et al (2011) Effects of jumP and balance training on knee kinematics and electromyograPhy of female basketball athletes during a single limb droP landing: Pre-Post intervention study. SPorts Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 3(1):14##
    65. Pollard CD, Sigward SM, Ota S et al (2006) The influence of in-season injury Prevention training on lower-extremity kinematics during landing in female soccer Players. Clin J SPort Med 16(3): 223–227.##
    66. Sigward S, Pollard CD, Powers CM (2008) Abstract #29. The in fl uence of an ACL injury Prevention Program on knee valgus moments during cutting: an evaluation of Pre-Pubertal, Pubertal and Post-Pubertal female athletes. J Athl Train 43(5):559.##
    67. Wilderman DR, Ross SE, Padua DA (2009) Thigh muscle activity, knee motion, and imPact force during side-steP Pivoting in agility-trained female basketball Players. J Athl Train 44(1):14–25.##
    68. Vescovi JD, Canavan PK, Hasson S (2008) Effects of a Plyometric Program on vertical landing force and jumPing Performance in college women. Phys Ther SPort 9(4):185–192##
    69. Tsang KK, DiPasquale AA (2011) ImProving the q:h strength ratio in women using Plyometric exercises. J Strength Cond Res 25(10):2740–2745.##
    70. Hurd WJ, Chmielewski TL, Snyder-Mackler L (2006) Perturbation-enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscle activity in female athletes. Knee Surg SPorts Traumatol Arthrosc 14(1):60–69.##
    71. DiStefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW et al (2011) Effects of an age-sPecific anterior cruciate ligament injury Prevention Program on lower extremity biomechanics in children. Am J SPorts Med 39(5):949–957. ##
    72. Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA et al (2006) Understanding and Preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005. Am J SPorts Med 34(9):1512–1532##
    73. Renstrom P, Ljungqvist A, Arendt E et al (2008) Noncontact ACL injuries in female athletes: an International OlymPic Committee current concePts statement. Br J SPorts Med 42(6):394–412##
The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Volume 4, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
July and August 2015
Pages 159-169

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 June 2014
  • Revise Date: 24 September 2014
  • Accept Date: 31 October 2014
  • First Publish Date: 22 June 2015

Share

How to cite

Statistics