Effect of Resistance Training on the Level of Cortisol, Testosterone Hormone, and Some Body Composition and Physical Fitness Factors of Males Washed out from Methamphetamine Addiction in Rehabilitation Period

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 Master of Arts, Department of Exercise Physiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

4 Ph.D, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Dr Moein, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: The previous studies showed that exercise training has been shown to benefit diverse medical and behavioral conditions. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on the level of cortisol, testosterone hormone, and some physical fitness factors of males washed out from methamphetamine addiction in rehabilitation period.
Materials and Methods: A total of 19 washed out males (Age 29.8±4.5 yr) from methamphetamine were randomly divided in to two resistance group (n=10) and control group (n=9). The training group performed eight weeks of training at 50-80 percent of one repetition maximum. Before and after the eight weeks of training, blood sample were obtained to measure serum cortisol and testosterone. Also, participants' muscle strength and endurance and body composition were measured. One-way covariance test and dependent t-test were run to analyze the hypothesis. All data were analyzed using statistical software of SPSS, version 20, and a P-value of P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that the levels of cortisol has a significant decrease in experimental group (p=0.05), while cortisol levels were not found to be significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05). Testosterone was slightly increased in training group but the increase was not found to be significant (p>0.05). Moreover, the results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between experimental and control groups in testosterone levels (P=0.24). The muscle strength of the upper extremity and muscle endurance, and the circumference of the chest, arm, and waist of the experimental group had a significant increase compared with those of the control group, too (P=0.01).
Conclusions: It seems that a period of resistance training for eight weeks can be effective as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy in wash out period related to addiction of previously metamphetamine dependent individuals. Also, it could improve physical and functional status of these persons.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Momeni K, Parhoon H, Hasani J. The effect of  brief behavioral activation treatment on symptoms of depression, mental health and quality of life among the patients with opioid abuse. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci). 2015;19(2):74-83.##
  2. Becker WC, Sullivan LE, Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Fiellin DA. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among US adults: psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2008;94(1):38-47. ##
  3. WHO. Dependence syndrome 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/.##
  4. Mehrjerdi ZA. Crystal in Iran: methamphetamine or heroin kerack. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;21(1):1. ##
  5. Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Lecomte T, MacEwan GW, Flynn SW, Honer WG, et al. Methamphetamine use: a comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2013;129(3):167-79. ##
  6. Heidari-Rarani M, Noori A, Ghodousi A. Effects of Methamphetamine on Pituitary Gonadal Axis and Spermatogenesis in Mature Male Rats. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2014;16(12):37-42. Epub 2013-10-01. ##
  7. Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports medicine. 2010;40(12):1037-53. ##
  8. Weinbauer GF, Luetjens CM, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. Physiology of testicular function.  Andrology: Springer; 2010. p. 11-59. ##
  9. Buckingham JC. Glucocorticoids: exemplars of multi‐tasking. British journal of pharmacology. 2006;147(S1):S258-S68. ##

10. West DW, Burd NA, Staples AW, Phillips SM. Human exercise-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an intrinsic process. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2010;42(9):1371-5. ##

11. Taghavi MM, Alavi S, Moallem S, Varasteh A. Determining of Methamphetamine Effects on Sperm Parameters of Mature Rat. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2015. ##

12. Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K, Hayase T, Abiru H, Shiota K, Mori C. Methamphetamine induces apoptosis in seminiferous tubules in male mice testis. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2002;178(3):155-60. ##

13. Frith CH, Chang LW, Lattin DL, Walls RC, Hamm J, Doblin R. Toxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the dog and the rat. Fundamental and applied toxicology. 1987;9(1):110-9. ##

14. Vsevolozhskaya OA, Anthony JC. Transitioning from First Drug Use to Dependence Onset: Illustration of a Multiparametric Approach for Comparative Epidemiology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 02//print;41(3):869-76. ##

15. Mooney LJ, Cooper C, London E, Chudzynski J, Dolezal B, Dickerson D, et al. Exercise for Methamphetamine Dependence: Rationale, Design, and Methodology. Contemporary clinical trials. 2014 11/28;37(1):139-47. ##

16. Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. European journal of applied physiology. 2003;89(6):555-63. ##

17. Reeves GV, Kraemer RR, Hollander DB, Clavier J, Thomas C, Francois M, et al. Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;101(6):1616-22. ##

18. Arazi H, Damirchi A, Asadi A. Age-related hormonal adaptations, muscle circumference and strength development with 8 weeks moderate intensity resistance training. Annales d'Endocrinologie. 2013 2//;74(1):30-5. ##

19. Deschenes MR, Kraemer WJ. Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2002;81(11):S3-S16. ##

20. Kelleher AR, Hackney KJ, Fairchild TJ, Keslacy S, Ploutz-Snyder LL. The metabolic costs of reciprocal supersets vs. traditional resistance exercise in young recreationally active adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010;24(4):1043-51. ##

21. Azizbeigi K, Azarbayjani MA, Peeri M, Agha-Alinejad H, Stannard S. The effect of progressive resistance training on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in erythrocytes in untrained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23(3):230-8. ##

22. Tobin C, Joubert Y. Testosterone-induced development of the rat levator ani muscle. Developmental biology. 1991;146(1):131-8. ##

23. Cooke BA, Lindh ML, Janszen FH. Effect of lutropin on phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in testis Leydig cells. Correlation with testosterone production. Biochemical Journal. 1977;168(1):43-8. ##

24. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A. Muscle strength and serum testosterone, cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle‐aged and elderly men and women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1993;148(2):199-207. ##

25. Sinha-Hikim I, Roth SM, Lee MI, Bhasin S. Testosterone-induced muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in satellite cell number in healthy, young men. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;285(1):E197-E205. ##

26. Rutherford O. Hormones as stimuli for muscle growth. BAM-PADOVA-. 1999;9(6):285-8. ##

27. Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. Journal of applied physiology. 1999;87(3):982-92. ##

28. Marx JO, Ratamess NA, Nindl BC, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Dohi K, et al. Low-volume circuit versus high-volume periodized resistance training in women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2001;33(4):635-43. ##

29. Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi P. Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years. Journal of applied physiology. 1988;65(6):2406-12. ##

30. Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Vingren JL, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Armstrong LE, et al. Elevated endogenous testosterone concentrations potentiate muscle androgen receptor responses to resistance exercise. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2009;114(3):195-9. ##

31. McCall GE, Byrnes WC, Fleck SJ, Dickinson A, Kraemer WJ. Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Canadian Journal of applied physiology. 1999;24(1):96-107. ##

32. Esmarck B, Andersen J, Olsen S, Richter EA, Mizuno M, Kjær M. Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. The Journal of physiology. 2001;535(1):301-11. ##

33. Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010;24(10):2857-72. ##

34. Dolezal BA, Chudzynski J, Storer TW, Abrazado M, Penate J, Mooney L, et al. Eight weeks of exercise training improves fitness measures in methamphetamine-dependent individuals in residential treatment. Journal of addiction medicine. 2013;7(2):122. ##

35. Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati M, Larijani B, Omidfar K. Effects of oral creatine and resista##nce training on serum myostatin and GASP-1. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2010;317(1):25-30.

36. WALKER KS, KAMBADUR R, SHARMA M, SMITH HK. Resistance Training Alters Plasma Myostatin but not IGF-1 in Healthy Men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004;36(5):787-93. ##

37. Hofmann M, Schober-Halper B, Oesen S, Franzke B, Tschan H, Bachl N, et al. Effects of elastic band resistance training and nutritional supplementation on muscle quality and circulating muscle growth and degradation factors of institutionalized elderly women: the Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS). European journal of applied physiology. 2016;116(5):885-97. ##

38. Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT, McENIERY M, Carey MF. The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1999;31(6):886-91. ##

39. Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, Wilson SM, Loenneke JP, Anderson JC. Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012;26(8):2293-307. ##

The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1
March and April 2018
Pages 154-163

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 13 May 2017
  • Revise Date: 14 July 2017
  • Accept Date: 19 August 2017
  • First Publish Date: 21 March 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics