Immediate Effects of Anti-Pronation Foot Orthoses with Different Inclination Angles on Ground Reaction Force Components during Walking

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 PhD Student, Sport Biomechanics Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

2 Professor, Sport Biomechanics Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: Excessive foot pronation is one of the major risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament's injuries.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the immediate effects of anti-pronation foot orthoses with various angles on ground reaction force components during walking.
Materials and Methods: A total of 15 healthy volunteers (age: 28.2±8.8 years; height: 179.5±8.4 cm; weight: 76.3±13.5 kg; BMI: 23.7±9.1 kg/m2) participated in the study. A Vicon motion analysis system, including four cameras, and two Kistler force plates were used to measure the ground reaction force components in walking with shoes without foot orthoses as well as walking with shoes and three different foot orthoses (10º, 15º, and 20º of lateral inclinations).
Results: In foot orthoses with 20º inclination, the ground reaction force in vertical and medial-lateral directions at initial heel contact was greater than those without foot orthoses by 5% (p=0.02) and 110% (p=0.02), respectively. Impulse, loading rate, and free moment were not different between walking with different foot orthoses compared with those of walking without foot orthoses (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The application of anti-pronation foot orthoses (20º inclination) can reduce the loading rate at propulsion; however, it may impose loads to the knee which consequently place the knee on genu varum position, facilitating medial knee osteoarthritis.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Zoellner J, Connell C, Powers A, Avis-Williams A, Yadrick K, Bogle ML. Does a six-month pedometer intervention improve physical activity and health among vulnerable African Americans? A feasibility study. Journal of physical activity and health. 2010 Mar;7(2):224-31.##
  2. Moyer RF, Birmingham TB, Dombroski CE, Walsh RF, Leitch KM, Jenkyn TR, Giffin JR. Combined effects of a valgus knee brace and lateral wedge foot orthotic on the external knee adduction moment in patients with varus gonarthrosis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2013 Jan 1;94(1):103-12. ##
  3. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Oliveira AS, Mousavi SH, Madadi-Shad M. Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients. Gait & posture. 2018 Jan 1;59:104-10. ##
  4. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Shad MM, Majlesi M, Granacher U. A comparison of running kinetics in children with and without genu varus: A cross sectional study. PloS one. 2017 Sep 19;12(9):e0185057. ##
  5. Robertson G, Caldwell G, Hamill J, Kamen G, Whittlesey S. Research methods in biomechanics, 2E. Human Kinetics; 2013 Sep 25. ##
  6. Damavandi M, Dixon PC, Pearsall DJ. Ground reaction force adaptations during cross-slope walking and running. Human movement science. 2012 Feb 1;31(1):182-9. ##
  7. Jafarnezhadgero A, Shad MM, Majlesi M, Zago M. Effect of kinesio taping on lower limb joint powers in individuals with genu varum. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2018 Apr 1;22(2):51-8. ##
  8. Farahpour N, Jafarnezhadgero A, Allard P, Majlesi M. Muscle activity and kinetics of lower limbs during walking in pronated feet individuals with and without low back pain. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2018 Apr 1;39:35-41. ##
  9. Farahpour N, Jafarnezhad A, Damavandi M, Bakhtiari A, Allard P. Gait ground reaction force characteristics of low back pain patients with pronated foot and able-bodied individuals with and without foot pronation. Journal of biomechanics. 2016 Jun 14;49(9):1705-10. ##
  10. Levinger P, Gilleard WL, Sprogis K. Frontal plane motion of the rearfoot during a one-leg squat in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2006 Mar;96(2):96-101. ##
  11. Jafarnezhadgero AA, Shad MM, Majlesi M. Effect of foot orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch in children with flexible flatfoot deformity: A three-dimensional moment analysis. Gait & posture. 2017 Jun 1;55:75-80. ##
  12. Barton CJ, Menz HB, Levinger P, Webster KE, Crossley KM. Greater peak rearfoot eversion predicts foot orthoses efficacy in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. British journal of sports medicine. 2011 Jul 1;45(9):697-701. ##
  13. Cheung RT, Ng GY, Chen BF. Association of footwear with patellofemoral pain syndrome in runners. Sports Medicine. 2006 Mar 1;36(3):199-205. ##
  14. Jafarnezhadgero A, Shad MM, Ferber R. The effect of foot orthoses on joint moment asymmetry in male children with flexible flat feet. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2018 Jan 1;22(1):83-9. ##
  15. Cheung RT, Chung RC, Ng GY. Efficacies of different external controls for excessive foot pronation: a meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine. 2011 Jul 1;45(9):743-51. ##
  16. Qu X. Impacts of different types of insoles on postural stability in older adults. Applied ergonomics. 2015 Jan 1;46:38-43. ##
  17. Kosonen J, Kulmala JP, Müller E, Avela J. Effects of medially posted insoles on foot and lower limb mechanics across walking and running in overpronating men. Journal of biomechanics. 2017 Mar 21;54:58-63. ##
  18. Telfer S, Abbott M, Steultjens M, Rafferty D, Woodburn J. Dose–response effects of customised foot orthoses on lower limb muscle activity and plantar pressures in pronated foot type. Gait & posture. 2013 Jul 1;38(3):443-9. ##
  19. Jørgensen MG. Assessment of postural balance in community-dwelling older adults. Dan Med J [Internet]. 2014 Jan 1;61(1):B4775. ##
  20. Griffin ÉW, Mullally S, Foley C, Warmington SA, O'Mara SM, Kelly ÁM. Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiology & behavior. 2011 Oct 24;104(5):934-41. ##
  21. Rhea MR. Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2004 Nov 1;18:918-20. ##
  22. Chockalingam N, Healy A, Needham R. Interpreting Ground Reaction Forces in Gait. Handbook of Human Motion. 2016:1-5. ##
  23. Jafarnezhadgero A, Majlesi M, Madadi-Shad M. The effects of low arched feet on lower limb joints moment asymmetry during gait in children: A cross sectional study. The Foot. 2018 Mar 1;34:63-8. ##
  24. Buldt AK, Levinger P, Murley GS, Menz HB, Nester CJ, Landorf KB. Foot posture is associated with kinematics of the foot during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet. Gait & posture. 2015 Jun 1;42(1):42-8. ##
  25. Yang S. The efficacy of arch support sports insoles in increasing the cycling performance and injury prevention. Footwear Science. 2013 Jun 1;5(sup1):S107-9. ##
  26. Neal BS, Griffiths IB, Dowling GJ, Murley GS, Munteanu SE, Smith MM, Collins NJ, Barton CJ. Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2014 Dec;7(1):55. ##
  27. Mündermann A, Nigg BM, Humble RN, Stefanyshyn DJ. Consistent immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort and lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2004 Feb;20(1):71-84. ##
  28. Donoghue OA, Shimojo H, Takagi H. Impact forces of plyometric exercises performed on land and in water. Sports health. 2011 May;3(3):303-9.
  29. Mebes C, Amstutz A, Luder G, Ziswiler HR, Stettler M, Villiger PM, Radlinger L. Isometric rate of force development, maximum voluntary contraction, and balance in women with and without joint hypermobility. Arthritis Care & Research. 2008 Nov 15;59(11):1665-9. ##
  30. Nigg BM, Nurse MA, Stefanyshyn DJ. Shoe inserts and orthotics for sport and physical activities. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1999 Jul 1;31:S421-8. ##
  31. Williams DS, Mcclay DI, Baitch SP. effect of Inverted Orthoses on Lower-extremity Mechanics in Runners. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical. 2004 Aug 1;34(8):495. ##
  32. Jafarnezhadgero A, Madadi-Shad M, Esker FS, Robertson DG. Do different methods for measuring joint moment asymmetry give the same results?. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2018 Jul 1;22(3):741-6. ##
  33. Bennell K, Hinman R, Wrigley T. 13 Future Directions in Physical Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis E-Book: A Companion to Rheumatology. 2007 Jul 4:217. ##
  34. Levine HB, Bosco JA. Sagittal and coronal biomechanics of the knee. Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases. 2007;65(1):87-95. ##
  35. Hart HF, Ackland DC, Schache AG, Pandy MG, Collins NJ, Crossley KM. The effects of a varus unloader brace for lateral tibiofemoral osteoarthritis and valgus malalignment after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a single case study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions. 2013 Jan 1;13(4):496-500. ##
  36. Shull PB, Silder A, Shultz R, Dragoo JL, Besier TF, Delp SL, Cutkosky MR. Six‐week gait retraining program reduces knee adduction moment, reduces pain, and improves function for individuals with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2013 Jul;31(7):1020-5. ##
  37. Kuroyanagi Y, Nagura T, Matsumoto H, Otani T, Suda Y, Nakamura T, Toyama Y. The lateral wedged insole with subtalar strapping significantly reduces dynamic knee load in the medial compartment: Gait analysis on patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2007 Aug 1;15(8):932-6. ##
  38. Jafarnezhadgero A, Madadi-Shad M, McCrum C, Karamanidis K. Effects of Corrective Training on Drop Landing Ground Reaction Force Characteristics and Lower Limb Kinematics in Older Adults With Genu Valgus: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of aging and physical activity. 2019 Feb 1;27(1):9-17. ##
  39. Sloss R. The effects of foot orthoses on the ground reaction forces during walking. Part 1. The Foot. 2001 Dec 1;11(4):205-14. ##
  40. Van Gheluwe B, Kirby KA, Hagman F. Effects of simulated genu valgum and genu varum on ground reaction forces and subtalar joint function during gait. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2005 Nov;95(6):531-41. ##
  41. Almonroeder TG, Benson LC, O’Connor KM. Changes in patellofemoral joint stress during running with the application of a prefabricated foot orthotic. International journal of sports physical therapy. 2015 Dec;10(7):967. ##
  42. Morley JB, Decker LM, Dierks T, Blanke D, French JA, Stergiou N. Effects of varying amounts of pronation on the mediolateral ground reaction forces during barefoot versus shod running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2010 May;26(2):205-14. ##
  43. Jafarnezhadgero A, Madadi-Shad M, Alavi-Mehr SM, Granacher U. The long-term use of foot orthoses affects walking kinematics and kinetics of children with flexible flat feet. ##
The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 4
January 2020
Pages 92-102

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 March 2019
  • Revise Date: 01 May 2019
  • Accept Date: 06 May 2019
  • First Publish Date: 22 December 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics