Effect of Being Athlete on the Structure and Organization of Walking Neural Control with and without Disturbance

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran

2 PhD, Associated Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran

3 PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran

4 PhD, Assistant Professor, Department Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: Does long-term training modify the neural control of walking pattern? The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of being athlete on the structure and organization of walking neural control with and without disturbance.
Materials and Methods: The present study was performed as a semi-experimental study. Participants included 12 football plyer students and 12 non-athlete students at the University of Mazandaran. They performed treadmill walking pattern with open-eyes and closed-eyes conditions. Lower extremity muscles electromyography was collected using Noraxon system during walking. Muscle synergy variables, including sum, duty, peak, and area muscle activities, were calculated using Non-negative matrix factorization. The data comparisons for the assessment of the variables were performed running the two-way ANOVA test in SPSS software.
Results: Athletes showed less duty and the total muscle activity compared with non-athletes during open eyes walking (p < 0.001). Peak muscle activity was higher during open eyes walking compared with closed eyes walking in athletes (p = 0.003). In contrast, duty, area, and the total muscle activity of athletes were lower than those in non-athletes (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that doing exercise training for long-term period can change modules of neuromuscular system in walking pattern. Soccer players have the ability to employ muscle groups with higher peak muscle activity. In contrast, duty, area, and the total muscle activity are lower in soccer players compared with non-athlete individuals and can be an evidence for different decision of neuromuscular system of these groups when doing walking pattern.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1. Hagio S, Fukuda M, Kouzaki M. Identification of muscle synergies associated with gait transition in humans. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2015;9:48.##
2. Madehkhaksar F, Klenk J, Sczuka K, Gordt K, Melzer I, Schwenk M. The effects of unexpected mechanical perturbations during treadmill walking on spatiotemporal gait parameters, and the dynamic stability measures by which to quantify postural response. PloS one. 2018;13(4):e0195902. ##
3. Shibata Alnajjar F, Wojtara T, Shimoda S. Muscle synergy space: learning model to create an optimal muscle synergy. Frontiers in computational neuroscience. 2013;7:136. ##
4. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2012(9). ##
5. Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008;56(12):2234-43. ##
6. McCrum C, Gerards MH, Karamanidis K, Zijlstra W, Meijer K. A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults. European review of aging and physical activity. 2017;14(1):3. ##
7. Steele KM, Rozumalski A, Schwartz MH. Muscle synergies and complexity of neuromuscular control during gait in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2015;57(12):1176-82. ##
8. Alkner BA, Norrbrand L, Tesch PA. Neuromuscular adaptations following 90 days bed rest with or without resistance exercise. Aerospace medicine and human performance. 2016;87(7):610-7. ##
9. Prieske O, Muehlbauer T, Borde R, Gube M, Bruhn S, Behm D, et al. Neuromuscular and athletic performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer: Role of instability. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2016;26(1):48-56. ##
10. Sawers A, Allen JL, Ting LH. Long-term training modifies the modular structure and organization of walking balance control. Journal of neurophysiology. 2015;114(6):3359-73. ##
11. Morgan JA, Corrigan F, Baune BT. Effects of physical exercise on central nervous system functions: a review of brain region specific adaptations. Journal of molecular psychiatry. 2015;3(1):3. ##
12. Gabriel DA, Kamen G, Frost G. Neural adaptations to resistive exercise. Sports Medicine. 2006;36(2):133-49. ##
13. Ali A, Sundaraj K, Ahmad B, Ahamed N, Islam A. Gait disorder rehabilitation using vision and non-vision based sensors: a systematic review. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences. 2012;12(3):193. ##
14. Nordin AD, Dufek JS. Neuromechanical synergies in single-leg landing reveal changes in movement control. Human movement science. 2016;49:66-78. ##
15. Oliveira AS, Gizzi L, Farina D, Kersting UG. Motor modules of human locomotion: influence of EMG averaging, concatenation, and number of step cycles. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2014;8:335. ##
16. Safavynia SA, Ting LH. Task-level feedback can explain temporal recruitment of spatially fixed muscle synergies throughout postural perturbations. Journal of neurophysiology. 2011;107(1):159-77. ##
17. Baniasad M, Farahmand F, Arazpour M, Zohoor H. Coordinated activities of trunk and upper extremity muscles during walker-assisted paraplegic gait: A synergy study. Human movement science. 2018;62:184-93. ##
18. Hug F, Turpin NA, Couturier A, Dorel S. Consistency of muscle synergies during pedaling across different mechanical constraints. Journal of neurophysiology. 2011;106(1):91-103. ##
19. Hayes HB, Chvatal SA, French MA, Ting LH, Trumbower RD. Neuromuscular constraints on muscle coordination during overground walking in persons with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2014;125(10):2024-35. ##
20. Ting LH, Chiel HJ, Trumbower RD, Allen JL, McKay JL, Hackney ME, et al. Neuromechanical principles underlying movement modularity and their implications for rehabilitation. Neuron. 2015;86(1):38-54. ##
21. Rimini D, Agostini V, Knaflitz M, editors. Evaluation of muscle synergies stability in human locomotion: A comparison between normal and fast walking speed. 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC); 2017: IEEE. ##
22. Gentner R, Gorges S, Weise D, aufm Kampe K, Buttmann M, Classen J. Encoding of motor skill in the corticomuscular system of musicians. Current Biology. 2010;20(20):1869-74. ##
23. Fox EJ, Tester NJ, Kautz SA, Howland DR, Clark DJ, Garvan C, et al. Modular control of varied locomotor tasks in children with incomplete spinal cord injuries. Journal of neurophysiology. 2013;110(6):1415-25. ##
24.‌ Grillner S, Wallén P. Innate versus learned movements—a false dichotomy?  Progress in Brain Research: Elsevier; 2004. p. 1-12. ##
25. Routson RL, Clark DJ, Bowden MG, Kautz SA, Neptune RR. The influence of locomotor rehabilitation on module quality and post-stroke hemiparetic walking performance. Gait & posture. 2013;38(3):511-7. ##
26. Kristiansen M, Madeleine P, Hansen EA, Samani A. Inter‐subject variability of muscle synergies during bench press in power lifters and untrained individuals. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2015;25(1):89-97. ##
27. Turpin NA, Guével A, Durand S, Hug F. No evidence of expertise-related changes in muscle synergies during rowing. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2011;21(6):1030-40. ##
28. Cheung VC, d'Avella A, Tresch MC, Bizzi E. Central and sensory contributions to the activation and organization of muscle synergies during natural motor behaviors. Journal of Neuroscience2005;25(27):6419-34. ##
The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Volume 9, Issue 2
July 2020
Pages 158-166

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 25 May 2019
  • Revise Date: 01 September 2019
  • Accept Date: 18 September 2019
  • First Publish Date: 21 June 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics