Effect of Stretching, Strengthening, Endurance, and Combination of Endurance-Stretching Training on Fascia Function: A Systematic Review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Full Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Kharazmi University Tehran, Iran, Kinesiology Research Center, Kharazmi University Tehran, Iran

2 PhD Student in Biomechanic of sport, Faculty of Physical Educationand Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: Considering the role of fascia as a viscoelastic matrix that surrounds muscles, bones, organs and nerve fibers, and its effects on human motor function, including flexibility, strength, resistance to pressure and injuries, in the present systematic review, the effects of stretching, strengthening, endurance, and combination of endurance-stretching training on fascia function were investigated.
Materials and Methods: After reviewing articles in major databases, such as Pubmed, Science Direct, Magiran, Noormags, and SID, using the words Myofascia, Fascia and Connective tissue, a study was conducted with over 55 articles published during 1984 to 2018.
Results: All findings in the field of stretching, strengthening, endurance, and resistance-stretching exercises emphasize the positive effects of these exercises on fascia's fitness and function. Stretching and endurance exercises increase the stiffness and elasticity of the fascia. Strength and combined resistance-stretching exercises increase stiffness and reduce hysteresis of the Fascia.
Conclusion: With reegard to the positive effect of exercise training on facia performance, it is sugested that athletes perform the facial training along with muscle strength and cardiovascular endurance training to increase facial readiness and prevent injuries. Considering the results of the present survey, more studies are needed to be carries out on facia and its effect in enhancing performance of skills, sport injuries, and where the effect of exercise and/or performance perturbations is the case.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

1. Hyman J, Rodeo SA. Injury andrepair of tendons and ligaments. Phys Med RehabilClin N Am. 2000; 11(2):267-88.##
2. Stecco A, Macchi V, Stecco C, Porzionato A, Ann Day J, Delmas V,et al.Anatomical study of myofascial continuity in the anterior region of the upper limb.Bodyw Mov Ther. 2009a;13(1):53-62. ##
3. Mathews MB. Connective tissue: macromolecular structure and evolution. Springer- Verlag, Berlin.1975; 118-23. ##
4. Passerieux E, Rossignol R, Chopard A. Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains. Struct Biol. 2006; 154(2):206-16. ##
5. Van der wal JC. The architecture of the connective tissue in the musculoeskeletal system- an often overlooked contributor to proprioception in locomotor apparatus. Ther Bodyw Mas. 2009b; 4(2):9-23. ##
6. Bojsen-Moler J, Schwartz S, Kalliokoski KK, Finni T, Magnusson SP. Intermuscular force transmission between human plantarflexor muscles in vivo. Appl Physiol. 2010; 109(6):1608-18. ##
7. Maas H, Sandercock TG. Force transmission between synergistic skeletal muscles through connective tissue linkages. Biomed Biotechno. 2010; 64-86. ##
8. Turrina A, Martínez-González MA, Stecco C. The muscular force transmission system: role of the intramuscular connective tissue. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013; 31;17(1):95-102. ##
9. DellaGJ. Postural improvement using score integrationto lengthen myofascia. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008; 12:231-45. ##
10. Ajimsha MS, Al-Mudahka NR, Al-Madzhar JA. Effectiveness of myofascial release: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015; 31;19(1):102-12. ##
11. Beardsley C, Škarabot J. Effects of self-myofascial release: A Systematic Review. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015; 19(4):747-58. ##
12. Fourie WJ. Considering wider myofascial involvement as a possible contributor to upper extremity dysfunction following treatment for primary breast cancer. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008; 12:349-55. ##
13. Stecco A, Gesi M, Stecco C, Stern R. Fascial components of the myofascial pain syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013; 17(8):1-10. ##
14. Kjaer M, Langberg H,Heinemeier K, Bayer ML, Hansen M, Holm L, et al. From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand Med Sci Sports.2009; 19(4):500-10. ##
15. Findley TW. Fascia-current knowledge and future directions in physiatry: narrative review. Rehabil Res Dev. 2014; 51(6):875-84. ##
16. Kirilova M. Time-dependent properties of human umbilical fascia. Connect Tissue Res. 2012; 53(1):21-8. ##
17. Neuberger A, Slack H. The metabolism of collagen from liver, bones, skin and tendon in normal rats. Biochem. 1953; 53:47-52. ##
18. Wood TO, Cooke PH, Goodship AE. The effect of exercise and anabolic steroids on the mechanical properties and crimp morphology of the rat tendon. Am J Sports Med. 1988; 16(2):153-8. ##
19. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans. Exp Physiol. 2006; 91(3): 483-98. ##
20. Kram R, Dawson TJ. Energetics and biomechanics of locomotion by red kangaroos. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1998; 120 (1):41-9. ##
21. Sawicki GS, Lewis CL, Ferris DP. It pays to have a spring in your step. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009;37 (3):130-8. ##
22. Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y, Kubo K. Muscle and tendon interaction during human movements. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002; 30(3):106-10. ##
23. Kawakami Y, Muraoka T, Ito S. In vivo muscle fibre behavior during countermovement exercise in humans reveals a significant role for tendon elasticity. Physiol. 2002; 540(2):635-46. ##
24. Jarvinen TA, Jozsa L, Kannus P. Organization and distribution of intramuscular connective tissue in normal and immobilized skeletal muscles. An immunohistochemical, polarization and scanning electron microscopic study. Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2002; 23(3):245-54. ##
25. Fukashiro S, Hay DC, Nagano A. Biomechanical behaviorof muscle-tendon complex during dynamic human movements. Applied Biomech. 2006; 22(2): 131-47. ##
26. Haut TL, Haut RC. The state of tissue hydration determines the strain-rate-sensitive stiffness of human patellar tendon. Biomech. 1997; 30:79-81. ##
27. Hamill J, Knutzen J.M. Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995. ##
28. Schleip R. Fascial plasticity- a new neurobiological explanation. Part 1. Bodyw Mov Ther.2003;7:11-9. ##
29. Lu Y, Chen C, Kallakuri S, Patwardhan A, Cavanaugh JM. Neural response of cervical facet joint capsule to stretch:a study of whiplash pain mechanism. Stapp Car Crash. 2005;49: 49-65. ##
30. Proske U, Gandevia SC. The kinaesthetic senses. Physiol.2009; 587: 4139-46. ##
31. Tesarz J, Hoheisel U, Wiedenhofer B, Mense S. Sensory innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia in rats and humans. Neurosci. 2011; 194:302-308. ##
32. Schleip R, Duerselen L, Vleeming A, Navlor IL, Lehmann-Horn F, Zorn A, et al. Strain hardening of fascia: Static stretching of dense fibrous connective tissues can induce a temporary stiffness increase accompanied by enhanced matrix hydration. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012b; 16:94-100. ##
33. Arampatzis A, Peper A, Bierbaum A, Albracht K. Plasticity of human Achilles tendon mechanical and morphological properties in response to cyclic strain. Biomech; 2010; 43: 3073-79. ##
34. Yahia L, Pigeon P, Desrosiers EA. Viscoelastic properties of the human lumbodorsal fascia. Biomed Engin. 1993; 15:425-9. ##
35. Mizuno T.Changes in joint range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness after varying amounts of dynamic stretching. Sports Sci. 2017;35(21):2157-63. ##
36. Mizuno T, Umemura Y. Dynamic Stretching does not Change the Stiffness of the Muscle-Tendon Unit.Sports Med. 2016;37(13):1044-50. ##
37. Samukawa M, Hattori M, Sugama N, Takeda N. The effects of dynamic stretching on plantar flexor muscle-tendon tissueproperties. Manual Ther. 2011; 16:618-22. ##
38. Su WR, Chen HH, Luo ZP. Effect of cyclic stretching on the tensile properties of patellar tendon and medial collateral ligament in rat. Clin Biomech.2008;23:911-7. ##
39. Wren TA, Lindsey DP, Beaupre GS, Carter DR. Effects of creep and cyclic loading on the mechanical properties and failure ofhuman Achilles tendons. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2003; 31:710-7. ##
40. Provenzano PP, Heisey D, Hayashi K, Lakes R, Vanderby Jr R. Subfailure damage in ligament: a structural and cellular evaluation. Appl Physiol. 2002; 92:362-71. ##
41. Thornton GM, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Ligament creep recruits fibres at low stresses and can lead to modulus-reducing fibre damage at higher creep stresses: a study in rabbit medial collateral ligament model. Orthop Res. 2002; 20: 967-74. ##
42. Decoster LC, Cleland J, Altieri C, Russell P. The effects of hamstring stretching on range of motion: a systematic literature review. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005; 35:377-87. ##
43. Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature. Sport Med. 2004; 14:267-73. ##
44. Huijing PA. Muscle as a collagen fiber reinforced composite: a review of force transmission in muscle and whole limb. Biomech. 1999; 32:329-45. ##
45. Schleip R, Mueller DG. Training principles for fascial connective tissues: Scientific foundation and suggested practical applications. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(1):103-15##
46. Findley T, Dhar S, Chaudhry H. Transmission of muscle force to fascia during exercise. Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015; 19:119-23. ##
47. Kongsgaard M, Reitelseder S, Pedersen TG, Holm L, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, et al. Region specific patellar tendon hypertrophy in humans following resistance training. Acta Physiol.2007; 191:111-21. ##
48. Kubo K, Akima H, Ushiyama J, Tabata I, Fukuoka H, Kanehisa H, et al.Effects of resistance training during bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in the lower limb.Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004;14(5):296-302. ##
49. Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Peltonen J, Korhonen MT, Sipilä S, Finni T. Triceps surae muscle tendon properties in older endurance- and sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016; 1;120(1):63-9. ##
50. Miller BF, Olesen JL, Hansen M, Dossing S, Crameri RM, Welling RJ. et al. Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise. Physiol.2005;567:1021-33. ##
51. Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, Narici MV. Effect ofstrength training on human patella tendon mechanicalproperties of older individuals. Physiol. 2003a; 548:971-81. ##
52. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T. Effects of resistanceand stretching training programmes on the viscoelasticproperties of human tendon structures in vivo. Physiol .2002; 538:219-26. ##
53. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Strengthtraining alters the viscoelastic properties of tendons inelderly humans. Muscle Nerve. 2003b; 28:74-81. ##
54. Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Miyatani M, Tachi M, Fukunaga T. Effect of low-load resistance training on the tendonproperties in middle-aged and elderly women. Acta PhysiolScand. 2003b; 178:25-32. ##
55. Kovanen V,Suominen H ,Heikkinen E. Connective tissue of 'fast' and 'slow' skeletal muscle in rats: Effects of endurance training.Euro Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1984; 52(2):235-42. ##
The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
Volume 9, Issue 4
January 2021
Pages 233-243

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 July 2019
  • Revise Date: 22 October 2019
  • Accept Date: 22 February 2020
  • First Publish Date: 21 December 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics