The Effect of Reactive Neuromuscular Training on Scapulohumeral Rhythm and Shoulder Joint Repositioning Error in Volleyball Players with Type II Scapular Dyskinesis (A Randomized Clinical Trial)

Document Type : Original article

Authors

1 Department of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.22037/sjrm.2026.117573.3453

Abstract

English Abstract

Background and Aims: In individuals with scapular movement disorders, decreased activation of the serratus anterior muscle and compensatory overactivation of the upper trapezius during arm elevation have been reported. These alterations may lead to changes in the scapulothoracic motion pattern and eventually result in shoulder dysfunction. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of reactive neuromuscular training (RNT) on scapulohumeral rhythm and shoulder joint repositioning error in volleyball players with Type II scapular dyskinesis.

Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 male volleyball players with Type II scapular dyskinesis were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=15 each). Before and after eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training, scapulohumeral rhythm and shoulder joint repositioning error were assessed using an inclinometer and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. For inferential analysis, ANCOVA was utilized at a significance level of p<0.05.

Results: The ANCOVA results revealed that after eight weeks of reactive neuromuscular training, scapulohumeral rhythm significantly improved in the experimental group at all abduction angles (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°) (p<0.05), indicating better coordination between humeral and scapular motion. Furthermore, the shoulder joint repositioning error significantly decreased at both 45° of internal rotation and 75° of external rotation (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Reactive neuromuscular training led to a significant improvement in scapulohumeral rhythm and a reduction in shoulder joint repositioning error among volleyball players with Type II scapular dyskinesis. These findings suggest that enhancing neuromuscular control and proprioceptive accuracy through reactive training can help correct inefficient movement patterns and prevent functional shoulder injuries in overhead sports.

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The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 May 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 22 April 2026
  • Revise Date: 25 May 2026
  • Accept Date: 31 May 2026
  • First Publish Date: 31 May 2026

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