سالمندان، عواقب افتادن و سیر تکاملی تمرینات: مطالعه مروری

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حرکات اصلاحی و آسیب شناسی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حرکات اصلاحی و آسیب شناسی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

3 استادیار بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و اهداف
امروزه توجه به پدیده سالمندی، افتادن و عواقب آن و نهایتا دستیابی به روش­هایی برای جلوگیری از افتادن از موارد مورد توجه محققان است. از طرفی دیگر، انتخاب تمرینی که در زمان کم، با تاثیرگذاری زیاد و با حداقل امکانات بتواند در زمینه سالمندان مفید باشد، هدف نهایی محققین است؛ بنابراین هدف مطالعه مروری حاضر بررسی عواقب افتادن و سیر تکاملی تمرینات در زمینه سالمندان است.
مواد و روش­ ها
در تحقیق حاضر با جستجوی مقالاتی که از سال 1984 تا 2017 در زمینه تمرینات سالمندان و افتادن در بانک­های اطلاعاتی معتبر منتشر شده بود، بر اساس معیارهای تحقیق تعداد 55 مقاله به عنوان مقالات نهایی برای مطالعه مروری حاضر انتخاب شد.
یافته­ ها
یافته­ ها نشان داد افزایش سن با اختلال در سیستم­های مختلف بدن انسان همراه بوده و در مجموع توانایی پاسخ به اغتشاش قامت کاهش یافته و کنترل تعادل را تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهد و احتمال افتادن را که یکی از دلایل اصلی مرگ­ومیر سالمندان است، افزایش می­دهد. ریسک­فاکتورهای اختلال قدرت، تعادل و زمان عکس­العمل، مهمترین دلایل مرتبط با افتادن­ها می­باشد و در نهایت نقص تعادل به عنوان قویترین و مهمترین عامل اختلال در کنترل تعادل و افتادن در سالمندان است. از طرفی دیگر، پروتکل­های تمرینی مختلف در جهت بهبود تعادل و پیشگیری از افتادن نتایج متناقضی ارائه کرده است.
نتیجه­ گیری
به نظر می‌رسد اگر مکانیسم ­های اصلی کنترل عصبی پاسچر و تعادل به درستی تقویت نشود، ایجاد هر گونه اغتشاشی مانند سر خوردن، گیر کردن پا به لبه فرش و موارد مشابه می­تواند باعث اختلال در تعادل و افتادن و مشکلات جبران­ناپذیر شود؛ بنابراین مطالعات بیشتری مورد نیاز است تا اثر تمرینات متمرکز بر مکانیسم­های کنترل تعادل را در پیشگیری از افتادن و میزان ماندگاری اثر این تمرینات نشان دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Elderly, Consequences of Falling, and Evolutionary Exercises: A Review

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamed Arghavani 1
  • Vahid Zolaktaf 2
  • Shahram Lengan Nejadian 3
1 PhD Candidate of Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
3 Assistance professor of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Aim: Attention to the phenomenon of aging, fall, consequences of falling, and finding methods to prevent falling in the elderly are points of interest to many researchers. On the other hand, choosing exercises that, in limited time, can bring about high effects with minimum facilities, are their ultimate goal. Therefore, the aim of the present review study was to investigate the consequences of falling and evolution of training in the elderly.
Materials and Methods: In the current study by searching among related articles published from 1984 to 2017 in the field of elderly training and valid scientific databases, based on the research criteria, 55 articles were selected as the final articles for the present review study.
Results: Increasing age is associated with impaired systematicity of the human body and overall the ability to respond to perturbation decreases affecting the balance control and leading to increase in the chances of falling, which is one of the main causes of mortality in the elderly. Risk factors of strength disorder, balance, and reaction time are the most important causes of falls, and finally, balance disorder is one of the strongest and most important factors in the control of balance and falling in the elderly. In addition, various training protocols for improving balance and preventing falling have been shown to have conflicting outcomes.
Conclusion: According to the results, if the main mechanisms of postural neurological control and balance are not properly strengthened, any perturbation such as glide, stinging to the edge of the carpet, and like can disrupt the balance and fall and result in irreversible problems. Therefore, further studies are needed to illustrate the effect of training focused on balance control mechanisms in preventing falls and persistence rate of this exercises.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Elder
  • Exercise
  • Balance
  • Fall

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دوماهنامه علمی - پژوهشی طب توانبخشی
دوره 7، شماره 4
آذر و دی 1397
صفحه 268-277

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 20 آذر 1396
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 16 اسفند 1396
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 21 اسفند 1396
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 01 دی 1397

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